{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:00:38Z","timestamp":1791932438305,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1519948800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P 25499-B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P 25499-B13"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002428","name":"FWF Austrian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I 2550-B30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I 2550-B30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002428","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Christian Doppler Society","award":["Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"FFG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["4766773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4766773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previously, we described VSV-GP, a modified version of the vesicular stomatitis virus, as a non-neurotoxic oncolytic virus that is effective for the treatment of malignant glioblastoma and ovarian cancer. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of VSV-GP for malignant melanoma. All of the human, mouse, and canine melanoma cell lines that were tested, alongside most primary human melanoma cultures, were infected by VSV-GP and efficiently killed. Additionally, we found that VSV-GP prolonged the survival of mice in both a xenograft and a syngeneic mouse model. However, only a few mice survived with long-term tumor remission. When we analyzed the factors that might limit VSV-GP\u2019s efficacy, we found that vector-neutralizing antibodies did not play a role in this context, as even after eight subsequent immunizations and an observation time of 42 weeks, no vector-neutralizing antibodies were induced in VSV-GP immunized mice. In contrast, the type I IFN response might have contributed to the reduced efficacy of the therapy, as both of the cell lines that were used for the mouse models were able to mount a protective IFN response. Nevertheless, early treatment with VSV-GP also reduced the number and size of lung metastases in a syngeneic B16 mouse model. In summary, VSV-GP is a potent candidate for the treatment of malignant melanoma; however, factors limiting the efficacy of the virus need to be further explored.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10030108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]],"date-time":"2018-03-02T11:53:40Z","timestamp":1519991620000},"page":"108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["The Oncolytic Virus VSV-GP Is Effective against Malignant Melanoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Janine","family":"Kimpel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8394-2930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carles","family":"Urbiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3731-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Koske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reinhard","family":"Tober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoltan","family":"Banki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Wollmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Christian Doppler Laboratory for Viral Immunotherapy of Cancer, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Von Laer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra052166","article-title":"Melanoma","volume":"355","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. 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