{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:27:02Z","timestamp":1790411222321,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]],"date-time":"2018-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Zika fever is an arboviral disease resulting from the infection with Zika virus (ZIKV). The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of Aedes mosquitos, mainly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. ZIKV has been detected for decades in African and Asian regions and, since 2007, has spread to other continents; among them, infections are most reported in the Americas. This can be explained by the presence of vectors in highly populated and tropical regions where people are susceptible to contamination. ZIKV has been considered by the World Health Organization a serious public health problem because of the increasing number of cases of congenital malformation and neurological disorders related to its infection, such as microcephaly, Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome, meningoencephalitis, and myelitis. There is no vaccine or specific antiviral against ZIKV. The infection is best prevented by avoiding mosquito bite, and the treatment of infected patients is palliative. In this context, the search for efficient antivirals is necessary but remains challenging. Here, we aim to review the molecules that have been described to interfere with ZIKV life cycle and discuss their potential use in ZIKV therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,15]],"date-time":"2018-05-15T03:29:34Z","timestamp":1526354974000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A Review of the Ongoing Research on Zika Virus Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Suely","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-302, Brazil"},{"name":"Genomics Study Laboratory, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, IBILCE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Oliveira Silva Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-302, Brazil"},{"name":"Genomics Study Laboratory, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, IBILCE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jardim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biomedical Science, ICBIM, Federal University of Uberl\u00e2ndia, Uberl\u00e2ndia, MG 38405-302, Brazil"},{"name":"Genomics Study Laboratory, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, IBILCE, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, SP 15054-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90043-6","article-title":"Zika Virus (II). Pathogenicity and Physical Properties","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1347","article-title":"A \u201cmissing\u201d family of Classical Orthogonal Polynomials","volume":"15","author":"Vinet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika Virus (I). Isolations and Serological Specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"95","article-title":"Zika Virus and the Never-Ending Story of Emerging Pathogens and Transfusion Medicine","volume":"14","author":"Marano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(64)90201-9","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection in Man","volume":"58","author":"Simpson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13271","article-title":"Inactivation of Zika Virus in Plasma with Amotosalen and Ultraviolet a Illumination","volume":"56","author":"Aubry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haddow, A.D., Schuh, A.J., Yasuda, C.Y., Kasper, M.R., Heang, V., Huy, R., Guzman, H., Tesh, R.B., and Weaver, S.C. (2012). Genetic Characterization of Zika Virus Strains: Geographic Expansion of the Asian Lineage. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001477"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(81)90100-0","article-title":"Zika Virus, a Cause of Fever in Central Java, Indonesia","volume":"75","author":"Olson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1960","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2011.141380","article-title":"Zika Virus, French Polynesia, South Pacific, 2013","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2016.02.011","article-title":"Zika Fever and Congenital Zika Syndrome: An Unexpected Emerging Arboviral Disease","volume":"72","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2017). Situation Report: Zika Virus, Microcephaly, Guillain-Barr\u00e9 Syndrome, 10 March 2017, WHO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.005","article-title":"Aedes albopictus, an Arbovirus Vector: From the Darkness to the Light","volume":"11","author":"Paupy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, P.S.J., Li, M., Zhi, I., Chong, C.S., Ng, L.C., and Tan, C.H. (2013). Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): A Potential Vector of Zika Virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002348"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvez, E., Guillaumot, L., Millet, L., Marie, J., Bossin, H., Rama, V., Faamoe, A., Kilama, S., Teurlai, M., and Mathieu-Daud\u00e9, F. (2016). Genetic Diversity and Phylogeny of Aedes aegypti, the Main Arbovirus Vector in the Pacific. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004374"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gasperi, G., Bellini, R., Malacrida, A.R., Crisanti, A., Dottori, M., and Aksoy, S. (2012). A New Threat Looming over the Mediterranean Basin: Emergence of Viral Diseases Transmitted by Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001836"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.02.001","article-title":"Rapid Spread of Zika Virus in The Americas\u2014Implications for Public Health Preparedness for Mass Gatherings at the 2016 Brazil Olympic Games","volume":"44","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(83)90106-2","article-title":"A Sero-Epidemiological Survey for Certain Arboviruses (Togaviridae) in Pakistan","volume":"77","author":"Darwish","year":"1983","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.014","article-title":"Zika Virus, Vectors, Reservoirs, Amplifying Hosts, and Their Potential to Spread Worldwide: What We Know and What We Should Investigate Urgently","volume":"48","author":"Vorou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musso, D., Nhan, T., Robin, E., Roche, C., Bierlaire, D., Zisou, K., Shan Yan, A., Cao-Lormeau, V.M., and Broult, J. (2014). Potential for Zika Virus Transmission through Blood Transfusion Demonstrated during an Outbreak in French Polynesia, November 2013 to February 2014. Eurosurveillance, 19.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.14.20761"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i720","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i720","article-title":"Zika Virus Was Transmitted by Sexual Contact in Texas, Health Officials Report","volume":"352","author":"McCarthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5935\/0004-2749.20160002","article-title":"Ophthalmological Findings in Infants with Microcephaly and Presumable Intra-Uterus Zika Virus Infection","volume":"79","author":"Ventura","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Oftalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2013.09.024","article-title":"IFITMs Restrict the Replication of Multiple Pathogenic Viruses","volume":"425","author":"Perreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00257-9","article-title":"Concern over Zika Virus Grips the World","volume":"387","author":"Samarasekera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1602113","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"374","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"The 3.8 \u00c5 Resolution Cryo-EM Structure of Zika Virus","volume":"5316","author":"Sirohi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.44.100190.003245","article-title":"Flavivirus Genome Organization, Expression, and Replication","volume":"44","author":"Chambers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0022","article-title":"Detection of Zika Virus Infection in Thailand, 2012\u20132014","volume":"93","author":"Buathong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Nucleotide Composition of the Zika Virus RNA Genome and Its Codon Usage","volume":"13","author":"Berkhout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(03)59002-9","article-title":"Molecular Biology of Flavivirus","volume":"59","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.11.009","article-title":"Structure and Functionality in Flavivirus NS-Proteins: Perspectives for Drug Design","volume":"87","author":"Bollati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapshak, P., Somboonwit, C., Foley, B.T., Alrabaa, S.F., Wills, T., and Sinnott, J.T. (2015). Zika Virus. Global Virology I\u2014Identifying and Investigating Viral Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2410-3"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24615","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis of the NS5 Gene of Zika Virus","volume":"88","author":"Adiga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18296","article-title":"The Brazilian Zika Virus Strain Causes Birth Defects in Experimental Models","volume":"534","author":"Cugola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.006","article-title":"From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"WHO (2016). Current Zika Product Pipeline, WHO."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-016-0935-6","article-title":"Zika Virus Disease: A Current Review of the Literature","volume":"44","author":"Atif","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control (CDC) (2016). Zika: The Basics of the Virus and How to Protect against It."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.02.002","article-title":"Novel Antiviral Activity and Mechanism of Bromocriptine as a Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitor","volume":"141","author":"Chan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection and Induced Neural Cell Death via a Drug Repurposing Screen","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Publ. Gr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.004","article-title":"A Screen of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Zika Virus Infection","volume":"20","author":"Barrows","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Delvecchio, R., Higa, L., Pezzuto, P., Valad\u00e3o, A., Garcez, P., Monteiro, F., Loiola, E., Dias, A., Silva, F., and Aliota, M. (2016). Chloroquine, an Endocytosis Blocking Agent, Inhibits Zika Virus Infection in Different Cell Models. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.1101\/051268"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.03.014","article-title":"Curcumin Inhibits Zika and Chikungunya Virus Infection by Inhibiting Cell Binding","volume":"142","author":"Mounce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.06.012","article-title":"The Green Tea Molecule EGCG Inhibits Zika Virus Entry","volume":"496","author":"Carneiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01141-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01141-17","article-title":"Inhibitors of the Histone Methyltransferases EZH2\/1 Induce a Potent Antiviral State and Suppress Infection by Diverse Viral Pathogens","volume":"8","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghezzi, S., Cooper, L., Rubio, A., Pagani, I., Capobianchi, M.R., Ippolito, G., Pelletier, J., Meneghetti, M.C.Z., Lima, M.A., and Skidmore, M.A. (2017). Heparin Prevents Zika Virus Induced-Cytopathic Effects in Human Neural Progenitor Cells. Antiviral Res.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.12.023"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.068","article-title":"Screening Bioactives Reveals Nanchangmycin as a Broad Spectrum Antiviral Active against Zika Virus","volume":"18","author":"Rausch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.12.022","article-title":"Obatoclax, Saliphenylhalamide and Gemcitabine Inhibit Zika Virus Infection in Vitro and Differentially Affect Cellular Signaling, Transcription and Metabolism","volume":"139","author":"Kuivanen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.09.006","article-title":"Pentagalloylglucose, a Highly Bioavailable Polyphenolic Compound Present in Cortex Moutan, Efficiently Blocks Hepatitis C Virus Entry","volume":"147","author":"Behrendt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.02.012","article-title":"25-Hydroxycholesterol Protects Host against Zika Virus Infection and Its Associated Microcephaly in a Mouse Model","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sacramento, C.Q., De Melo, G.R., De Freitas, C.S., Marttorelli, A., Ferreira, A.C., Barbosa-lima, G., Volot\u00e3o, M., Nunes, E.P., Tschoeke, D.A., and Leomil, L. (2017). The Clinically Approved Antiviral Drug Sofosbuvir Inhibits Zika Virus Replication. Nat. Publ. Gr., 1\u201311.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40920"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.07.007","article-title":"Structure-Based Discovery of Clinically Approved Drugs as Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Inhibitors That Potently Inhibit Zika Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"145","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2419","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease in Complex with a Boronate Inhibitor","volume":"353","author":"Lei","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.116","article-title":"Mechanisms of Activation and Inhibition of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2016.12.058","article-title":"2,8-Bis(trifluoromethyl)quinoline Analogs Show Improved Anti-Zika Virus Activity, Compared to Mefloquine","volume":"127","author":"Moraes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.11.004","article-title":"Merimepodib, an IMPDH Inhibitor, Suppresses Replication of Zika Virus and Other Emerging Viral Pathogens","volume":"149","author":"Tong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmgm.2016.08.011","article-title":"In-Silico Screening for Anti-Zika Virus Phytochemicals","volume":"69","author":"Byler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mol. Graph. Model."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2017.08.016","article-title":"The Thiopurine Nucleoside Analogue 6-Methylmercaptopurine Riboside (6MMPr) Effectively Blocks Zika Virus Replication","volume":"50","author":"Cordeiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00376-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00376-17","article-title":"Antiviral Activity of Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid and Its Derivative Tetra-O-Methyl Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid against West Nile Virus and Zika Virus","volume":"61","author":"Saiz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw226","article-title":"Nucleoside Inhibitors of Zika Virus","volume":"214","author":"Eyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks147","article-title":"Ivermectin Is a Potent Inhibitor of Flavivirus Replication Specifically Targeting NS3 Helicase Activity: New Prospects for an Old Drug","volume":"67","author":"Mastrangelo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2002.1685","article-title":"Mycophenolic Acid Inhibits Dengue Virus Infection by Preventing Replication of Viral RNA","volume":"304","author":"Diamond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14408","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1618029113","article-title":"Zika virus cell tropism in the developing human brain and inhibition by azithromycin","volume":"113","author":"Retallack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.09.034","article-title":"Chloroquine, a FDA-approved Drug, Prevents Zika Virus Infection and its Associated Congenital Microcephaly in Mice","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(98)00896-6","article-title":"Functional Potencies of New Antiparkinsonian Drugs at Recombinant Human Dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors","volume":"366","author":"Perachon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.08.003","article-title":"Role of LH in the Progesterone Increase during the Bromocriptine-Induced Prolactin Decrease in Heifers","volume":"78","author":"Ginther","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.04.014","article-title":"Novel Antiviral Activity of Bromocriptine against Dengue Virus Replication","volume":"131","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.07.001","article-title":"Zika Virus Protease: An Antiviral Drug Target","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.12.016","article-title":"Identification of Novel Small Molecule Inhibitors against NS2B\/NS3 Serine Protease from Zika Virus","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2017.06.006","article-title":"Structural Dynamics of Zika Virus NS2B-NS3 Protease Binding to Dipeptide Inhibitors","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00423-1","article-title":"Experimental and Computational Approaches to Estimate Solubility and Permeability in Drug Discovery and Development Setting","volume":"23","author":"Lipinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.12.011","article-title":"Immuno-Modulating Properties of Saliphenylhalamide, SNS-032, Obatoclax, and Gemcitabine","volume":"126","author":"Anastasina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2008.12.024","article-title":"Preclinical Development of the Green Tea Catechin, Epigallocatechin Gallate, as an HIV-1 Therapy","volume":"123","author":"Nance","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00825-07","article-title":"Epigallocatechin Gallate Inactivates Clinical Isolates of Herpes Simplex Virus","volume":"52","author":"Isaacs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2005.06.010","article-title":"Antiviral Effect of Catechins in Green Tea on Influenza Virus","volume":"68","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.3390\/v4102197","article-title":"Hepatitis C Virus and Natural Compounds: A New Antiviral Approach?","volume":"4","author":"Calland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raekiansyah, M., Buerano, C.C., Luz, M.A.D., and Morita, K. (2018). Inhibitory Effect of the Green Tea Molecule EGCG against Dengue Virus Infection. Arch. Virol., 1\u20137.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3769-y"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01055-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01055-17","article-title":"Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs for Inhibitors of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12611","article-title":"Curcumin as Potential Therapeutic Natural Product: A Nanobiotechnological Perspective","volume":"68","author":"Shome","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1080\/15257770008045444","article-title":"Guanosine Analogues as Anti-Herpesvirus Agents","volume":"19","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1021\/jm050473m","article-title":"Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Alkoxyalkyl Derivatives of 9-(S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-Phosphonomethoxypropyl)adenine against Cytomegalovirus and Orthopoxviruses","volume":"49","author":"Beadle","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312653","article-title":"Induction of IFN-\u03bb3 as an Additional Effect of Nucleotide, Not Nucleoside, Analogues: A New Potential Target for HBV Infection","volume":"67","author":"Murata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.7.2589-2597.2005","article-title":"Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of the Antiviral Agent Beta-D-2\u2032,3\u2032-dideoxy-3\u2032-oxa-5-Fluorocytidine in Cells and Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01498-06","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of the Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Agent 1-(Beta-d-Dioxolane)thymine in Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"51","author":"Asif","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.10.2332","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of 2-Aminopurine Dioxolane and D-2-Amino-6-Chloropurine Dioxolane and Their Antiviral Metabolite-Dioxolane Guanine in Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agentes Chemother."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2004.07.016","article-title":"Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure D-FDOC, an Anti-HIV Agent","volume":"14","author":"Mao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11979","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M210914200","article-title":"Inhibition of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Replication by 2\u2032-modified Nucleoside Analogs","volume":"278","author":"Carroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08960","article-title":"Chemical genetics strategy identifies an HCV NS5A inhibitor with a potent clinical effect","volume":"465","author":"Gao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2015.1094051","article-title":"The discovery of sofosbuvir: a revolution for therapy of chronic hepatitis C","volume":"10","author":"Gentile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesci, P., Macia, A., Moore, S.M., Shiryaev, S.A., Pinto, A., Huang, C.T., Tejwani, L., Fernandes, I.R., Suarez, N.A., and Kolar, M.J. (2018). Blocking Zika Virus Vertical Transmission. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26959-4"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2007.00579.x","article-title":"Nuclear Localization of Dengue Virus Nonstructural Protein 5 Through Its Importin \u03b1\/\u03b2\u2013Recognized Nuclear Localization Sequences Is Integral to Viral Infection","volume":"8","author":"Pryor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.10.016","article-title":"Nuclear Import Inhibitor N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) Retinamide Targets Zika Virus (ZIKV) Nonstructural Protein 5 to Inhibit ZIKV Infection","volume":"493","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/5\/255\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:04:13Z","timestamp":1760195053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/5\/255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["v10050255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10050255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,14]]}}}