{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T17:37:31Z","timestamp":1776793051100,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]],"date-time":"2018-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1528848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R &amp; D project in Shandong Province","award":["2017CXGC1309"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CXGC1309"]}]},{"name":"National Major Scientific and Technological Projects Major New Drug Development","award":["2018ZX09711001-003-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX09711001-003-004"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Science and Technology Department of Shandong Province","award":["2016GSF202040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016GSF202040"]}]},{"name":"Key Research &amp; Technology demonstration and industrialization of TCM prescription of Science and Technology Department of Shandong Province","award":["2016CYJS08A01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016CYJS08A01"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program in Shandong Province","award":["2018CXGC1307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CXGC1307"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81774167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza A virus (IAV) causes seasonal epidemics and occasional but devastating pandemics, which are major public health concerns. Because the effectiveness of seasonal vaccines is highly variable and the currently available drugs are limited in their efficacy because of the emergence of drug resistance, there is an urgent need to develop novel antivirals. In this study, we characterized a recombinant IAV-carrying Gaussia luciferase (Gluc) gene and determined its potential as a tool for evaluating therapeutics. We demonstrated that this recombinant IAV is replication-competent in tissue culture and pathogenic in mice, although it is slightly attenuated compared to the parental virus. Luciferase expression correlated well with virus propagation both in vitro and in vivo, providing a simple measure for viral replication in tissue culture and in mouse lungs. To demonstrate the utility of this virus, ribavirin and oseltamivir phosphate were used to treat the IAV-infected cells and mice, and we observed the dose-dependent inhibition of viral replication by a luciferase assay. Moreover, the decreased luciferase expression in the infected lungs could predict the protective efficacy of antiviral interventions as early as day 2 post virus challenge. In summary, this study provides a new and quantitative approach to evaluate antivirals against IAV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10060325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,15]],"date-time":"2018-06-15T10:15:14Z","timestamp":1529057714000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Simple and Robust Approach for Evaluation of Antivirals Using a Recombinant Influenza Virus Expressing Gaussia Luciferase"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"},{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Balaji","family":"Manicassamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"},{"name":"Scientific Research Centre, College of Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9172-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruikun","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Antiviral Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.05.009","article-title":"Influenza virus evolution, host adaptation, and pandemic formation","volume":"7","author":"Taubenberger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018). 2018 Influenza (Seasonal) Fact Sheet, WHO. 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