{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:26:16Z","timestamp":1789806376862,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]],"date-time":"2018-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1531958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16CIII\/0003\/0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16CIII\/0003\/0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI16CIII\/00037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI16CIII\/00037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Contract between the ISCIII and Euroimmun Diagnostics Espa\u00f1a SLU","award":["MVP216\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MVP216\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differential diagnosis of the Zika virus (ZIKV) is hampered by cross-reactivity with other flaviviruses, mainly dengue viruses. The aim of this study was to compare two commercial methods for detecting ZIKV immunoglobulin M (IgM), an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and an enzyme immunoassay (ELISA), using the non-structural (NS) 1 protein as an antigen, both from EuroImmun, Germany. In total, 255 serum samples were analyzed, 203 of which showed laboratory markers of ZIKV infections (PCR-positive in serum and\/or in urine and\/or positive or indeterminate specific IgM). When tested with IIF, 163 samples were IgM-positive, while 13 samples were indeterminate and 78 were negative. When IIF-positive samples were tested using ELISA, we found 61 positive results, 14 indeterminate results, and 88 negative results. Among the indeterminate cases tested with IIF, ELISA analysis found two positive, two indeterminate, and nine negative results. Finally, 74 of the 78 IIF-negative samples proved also to be negative using ELISA. For the calculations, all indeterminate results were considered to be positive. The agreement, sensitivity, and specificity between ELISA and IIF were 60.2%, 44.9%, and 94.9%, respectively. Overall, 101 samples showed discrepant results; these samples were finally classified on the basis of other ZIKV diagnostic approaches (PCR-positive in serum and\/or in urine, IgG determinations using IIF or ELISA, and ZIKV Plaque Reduction Neutralization test\u2014positive), when available. A final classification of 228 samples was possible; 126 of them were positive and 102 were negative. The corresponding values of agreement, sensitivity, and specificity of IIF were 86.0%, 96.8%, and 72.5%, respectively. The corresponding figures for ELISA were 81.1%, 65.9%, and 100%, respectively. The ELISA and IIF methods are both adequate approaches for detecting ZIKV-specific IgM. However, considering their respective weaknesses (low sensitivity in ELISA and low specificity in IIF), serological results must be considered jointly with other laboratory results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070379","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,20]],"date-time":"2018-07-20T02:10:11Z","timestamp":1532052611000},"page":"379","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of Indirect Immunofluorescence and NS-1-Based ELISA to Determine Zika Virus-Specific IgM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Fernando","family":"De Ory","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Serolog\u00eda y Arbovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda 28220, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Seco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Serolog\u00eda y Arbovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda 28220, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-3316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Serolog\u00eda y Arbovirus, Centro Nacional de Microbiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda 28220, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Montero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Sulleiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Vall d\u2019Hebron, Barcelona 08035, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Barcelona 08036, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lurdes","family":"Matas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain"},{"name":"Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona 08916, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Merino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital Severo Ochoa, Legan\u00e9s 28911, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Working Group for the Study of Zika Virus Infections","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2016.02.012","article-title":"First case of Zika virus infection imported to Spain","volume":"34","year":"2016","journal-title":"Enferm. 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