{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:48:13Z","timestamp":1790567293831,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001843","name":"Science and Engineering Research Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SB\/S2\/JCB040\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SB\/S2\/JCB040\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001843","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection is the most common cause of genital ulcers. The impact of ulcers also demonstrates a strong link to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Complications, drug resistance, and side-effects of anti-viral drugs make the treatment of HSV-2 infection challenging. Herbal medicines have shown potential against HSV-2 and HIV infections. In this context, polyherbal gel formulation comprising 50% ethanolic extracts from Acacia catechu, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Terminalia chebula and Phyllanthus emblica has been developed. The gel formulation significantly exhibited virucidal activity against both HIV-1 and HSV-2 infections with IC50, 55.93 \u00b1 5.30 \u00b5g\/mL and 27.26 \u00b1 4.87 \u00b5g\/mL, respectively. It also inhibited HSV-2 attachment and penetration to the Vero cells with an IC50 = 46.55 \u00b1 1.25 \u00b5g\/mL and 54.94 \u00b1 2.52 \u00b5g\/mL respectively, which were significantly lower than acyclovir. However, acyclovir is more potent in post-infection assay with an IC50 = 0.065 \u00b1 0.01 \u00b5g\/mL whereas gel formulation showed an IC50 = 469.05 \u00b1 16.65 \u00b5g\/mL under similar conditions. Gel formulation showed no inhibitory effect on the viability of lactobacilli, human vaginal keratinocyte cells (Vk2\/E6E7), and the integrity of the Caco-2 cells monolayer. Gel formulation did not lead to any significant increase in the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mutagenic index. The proposed gel formulation may be a promising candidate microbicide for the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV-1 and HSV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110580","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]],"date-time":"2018-10-24T02:59:40Z","timestamp":1540349980000},"page":"580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Herbal Gel Formulation Developed for Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Activity Also Inhibits In Vitro HSV-2 Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nripendra Nath","family":"Mishra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6001-842X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Kesharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8835-5268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aakanksha","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suja Kizhiyedath","family":"Polachira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate R &amp; D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Akkulum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reshmi","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corporate R &amp; D Centre, HLL Lifecare Limited, Akkulum, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695 017, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3717-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Satish Kumar","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproductive Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110 067, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/00007435-199219020-00001","article-title":"Epidemiological synergy. 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