{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:51:05Z","timestamp":1782175865208,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>After primary exposure, the human parvovirus B19 (B19V) genome may remain in the central nervous system (CNS), establishing a lifelong latency. The structural characteristics and functions of the infected cells are essential for the virus to complete its life cycle. Although B19V has been detected in the brain tissue by sequencing PCR products, little is known about its in vivo cell tropism and pathogenic potential in the CNS. To detect B19V and investigate the distribution of its target cells in the CNS, we studied brain autopsies of elderly subjects using molecular virology, and optical and electron microscopy methods. Our study detected B19V in brain tissue samples from both encephalopathy and control groups, suggesting virus persistence within the CNS throughout the host\u2019s lifetime. It appears that within the CNS, the main target of B19V is oligodendrocytes. The greatest number of B19V-positive oligodendrocytes was found in the white matter of the frontal lobe. The number was significantly lower in the gray matter of the frontal lobe (p = 0.008) and the gray and white matter of the temporal lobes (p &lt; 0.0001). The morphological changes observed in the encephalopathy group, propose a possible B19V involvement in the demyelination process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T03:16:16Z","timestamp":1540523776000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Evidence of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection in the Post-Mortem Brain Tissue of the Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Sandra","family":"Skuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Kronvalda blvd 9, Riga LV-1010, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"Vilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Riga LV-1067, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simons","family":"Svirskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Riga LV-1067, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerija","family":"Groma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Kronvalda blvd 9, Riga LV-1010, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modra","family":"Murovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, Riga LV-1067, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-014-0022-8","article-title":"The 21st Century Epidemic: Infections as Inductors of Neuro-Degeneration Associated with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Licastro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.12.009","article-title":"Viral Diseases of the Central Nervous System","volume":"11","author":"Swanson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1782","article-title":"Neurological Aspects of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Barah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","volume":"350","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2217\/17460794.2.4.377","article-title":"Tissue Persistence and Prevalence of B19 Virus Types 1-3","volume":"2","author":"Hokynar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.06.017","article-title":"Persistent Parvovirus B19 Infection in Non-Erythroid Tissues: Possible Role in the Inflammatory and Disease Process","volume":"190","author":"Ignatovich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00040-16","article-title":"Human Parvoviruses","volume":"30","author":"Qiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2168","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)07199-9","article-title":"Human Parvovirus B19 and Meningoencephalitis","volume":"358","author":"Yoto","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.388","article-title":"Neurological Manifestations of Human Parvovirus B19 Infection","volume":"13","author":"Barah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1086\/599042","article-title":"Neurologic Manifestations Associated with Parvovirus B19 Infection","volume":"48","author":"Douvoyiannis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-5931-2","article-title":"Mononeuropathy Multiplex Associated with Acute Parvovirus B19 Infection: Characteristics, Treatment and Outcome","volume":"258","author":"Lenglet","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v4.i4.126","article-title":"Acute Encephalitis and Encephalopathy Associated with Human Parvovirus B19 Infection in Children","volume":"4","author":"Watanabe","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.02.008","article-title":"Widespread Age-Related Differences in the Human Brain Microstructure Revealed by Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"35","author":"Callaghan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390194046","article-title":"Virus Demyelination","volume":"9","author":"Fazakerley","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tracli.2015.11.006","article-title":"Update of the Human Parvovirus B19 Biology","volume":"23","author":"Morinetb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transfus. Clin. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05485-0","article-title":"Advances in the Biology, Diagnosis and Host-Pathogen Interactions of Parvovirus B19","volume":"53","author":"Corcoran","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-015-0344-y","article-title":"Role of Capsid Proteins in Parvoviruses Infection","volume":"12","author":"Tu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e898730","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 Achievements and Challenges","volume":"2013","author":"Gallinella","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Virol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.4081\/mm.2017.7109","article-title":"Parvovirus B19: Recent Insights and Implications for Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"32","author":"Gallinella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Medica"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7557","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1804921115","article-title":"Ancient Human Parvovirus B19 in Eurasia Reveals Its Long-Term Association with Humans","volume":"115","author":"Margaryan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.3.485-505.2002","article-title":"Human Parvovirus B19","volume":"15","author":"Heegaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.13626.1","article-title":"Virus-like Particles and Enterovirus Antigen Found in the Brainstem Neurons of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Dourmashkin","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280600827351","article-title":"Detection of Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Parvovirus B19 in the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex","volume":"12","author":"Hobbs","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000228","DOI":"10.4172\/2314-7326.1000228","article-title":"How Do Viruses Really Cause Neuropathology?: Is There More to the Story","volume":"7","author":"Hobbs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroinfect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-015-0417-0","article-title":"Detection Frequency of Human Herpesviruses-6A, -6B, and -7 Genomic Sequences in Central Nervous System DNA Samples from Post-Mortem Individuals with Unspecified Encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Chapenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhh060","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes, Their Progenitors and Other Neuroglial Cells in the Aging Primate Cerebral Cortex","volume":"14","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3046","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.22379","article-title":"Age Changes in Myelinated Nerve Fibers of the Cingulate Bundle and Corpus Callosum in the Rhesus Monkey","volume":"518","author":"Bowley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1021\/bp000153q","article-title":"Use of a Quantitative Product-Enhanced Reverse Transcriptase Assay to Monitor Retrovirus Levels in MAb Cell-Culture and Downstream Processing","volume":"17","author":"Brorson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2004.02.001","article-title":"A Method for Measurements of the Efficiency of Immunogold Labelling of Epoxy-Embedded Proteins Subjected to Different Retrieval Techniques","volume":"35","author":"Brorson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-02-00436.1996","article-title":"The Dopamine Transporter Is Localized to Dendritic and Axonal Plasma Membranes of Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons","volume":"76","author":"Nirenberg","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-009-0126-4","article-title":"Persistent Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Parvovirus B19 Sequences in Post-Mortem Human Cerebellum","volume":"8","author":"Grant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cerebellum"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01582-09","article-title":"Leukoencephalopathy Associated with Parvovirus Infection in Cretan Hound Puppies","volume":"48","author":"Schaudien","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2396(199807)29:3<193::AID-SYN1>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Callosal Terminals in the Rat Prefrontal Cortex: Synaptic Targets and Association with GABA-Immunoreactive Structures","volume":"29","author":"Carr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Synapse"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2001.1500","article-title":"Neuronal Changes in Normal Human Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"49","author":"Uylings","year":"2002","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leisi, R., Von Nordheim, M., Ros, C., and Kempf, C. (2016). The VP1u Receptor Restricts Parvovirus B19 Uptake to Permissive Erythroid Cells. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100265"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(99)00055-7","article-title":"Fetal Brain Infection with Human Parvovirus B19","volume":"21","author":"Isumi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.040","article-title":"Human Parvovirus B19 Infection of Monocytic Cell Line U937 and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement","volume":"345","author":"Munakata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"86","article-title":"Parvovirus B19: Past, Present and Future","volume":"5","author":"Alfaro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Rev. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.739","article-title":"Evidence for the Role of Demyelination, HLA-DR Alleles, and Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Parvovirus B19 Meningoencephalitis and Its Sequelae","volume":"73","author":"Kerr","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v5.i1.31","article-title":"Neuropathology of JC Virus Infection in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in Remission","volume":"5","author":"SantaCruz","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051357","article-title":"Oligodendrocytes Are a Major Target of the Toxicity of Spongiogenic Murine Retroviruses","volume":"169","author":"Clase","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brahic, M., and Roussarie, J.-P. (2009). Axon\u2013Myelin Interactions during a Viral Infection of the Central Nervous System. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000519"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00027-09","article-title":"Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses","volume":"22","author":"Goldsmith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ros, C., Bayat, N., Wolfisberg, R., and Almendral, J.M. (2017). Protoparvovirus Cell Entry. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110313"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntyl\u00e4, E., Kann, M., and Vihinen-Ranta, M. (2017). Protoparvovirus Knocking at the Nuclear Door. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100286"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u00e4r, S., Daeffler, L., Rommelaere, J., and N\u00fcesch, J.P.F. (2008). Vesicular Egress of Non-Enveloped Lytic Parvoviruses Depends on Gelsolin Functioning. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000126"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.04.003","article-title":"Parvovirus Particles and Movement in the Cellular Cytoplasm and Effects of the Cytoskeleton","volume":"456\u2013457","author":"Lyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80967-0","article-title":"Pushing the Envelope: Microinjection of Minute Virus of Mice into Xenopus Oocytes Causes Damage to the Nuclear Envelope","volume":"86","author":"Cohen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1086\/513280","article-title":"Comparison of Tissue Distribution, Persistence, and Molecular Epidemiology of Parvovirus B19 and Novel Human Parvoviruses PARV4 and Human Bocavirus","volume":"195","author":"Manning","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skuja, S., Zieda, A., Ravina, K., Chapenko, S., Roga, S., Teteris, O., Groma, V., and Murovska, M. (2017). Structural and Ultrastructural Alterations in Human Olfactory Pathways and Possible Associations with Herpesvirus 6 Infection. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0170071"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1086\/374603","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 Encephalitis Presenting as Immune Restoration Disease after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection","volume":"36","author":"Nolan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"125","article-title":"Neural Associations of the Frontal Cortex","volume":"32","author":"Nauta","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars)"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/11\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:26:04Z","timestamp":1760196364000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/11\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]}},"alternative-id":["v10110582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10110582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]}}}