{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:18:43Z","timestamp":1785161923674,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University research project \u201cEpidemiology, pathogenicity of human bocavirus (HBoV) types and their possible connection to lower respiratory tract diseases and acute gastroenteritis in children\u201d","award":["RSU ZP 17\/2013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSU ZP 17\/2013"]}]},{"name":"National Research Program &quot;BIOMEDICINE&quot;","award":["project No. 5.6.2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project No. 5.6.2"]}]},{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["agreement number 316275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["agreement number 316275"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006306","name":"Sigrid Jus\u00e9lius Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006306","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Life and Health Medical Grant Association","award":["No number"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No number"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) 1\u20134 belong to the Parvoviridae family, and they infect the respiratory or gastrointestinal tracts in children. We investigated the prevalence of HBoV1\u20134 DNAs in the blood and stool samples, and of HBoV1\u20134 IgG and IgM in the plasma samples, of children presenting with acute gastroenteritis (AGE). In addition, we identified HBoV co-infections with the five most frequent gastrointestinal pathogens. A total of 83 paired blood and stool samples were collected from children aged five years or less. Infection markers of HBoV1, 2, or 3 (viral DNA in blood and\/or stool and\/or antibodies) were detected in 61 out of 83 (73.5%) patients. HBoV1, 2, or 3 DNA as a monoinfection was revealed in 18.1%, 2.4%, and 1.2%, respectively, and 21.7% in total. In 56.1% of the HBoV DNA-positive patients, the presence in stool of another virus\u2014most frequently norovirus or rotavirus\u2014was observed. In conclusion, this study, for the first time, illustrates the prevalence and genetic diversity of HBoVs in Latvian children with gastroenteritis, and shows a widespread distribution of these viruses in the community. HBoV1 and 2 are commonly found as single infectious agents in children with AGE, suggesting that the viruses can be as pathogenic by themselves as other enteric agents are.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]],"date-time":"2018-11-15T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1542281567000},"page":"639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Human Bocavirus Infection Markers in Peripheral Blood and Stool Samples of Children with Acute Gastroenteritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0594-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaiga","family":"Nora-Krukle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anda","family":"Vilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 3 (PL21), 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-7121","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santa","family":"Rasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Ziemele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Clinical University Hospital, 45 Vienibas Avenue, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elina","family":"Silina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4582-8317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"S\u00f6derlund-Venermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, 3 (PL21), 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dace","family":"Gardovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Clinical University Hospital, 45 Vienibas Avenue, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 16 Dzirciema St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Modra","family":"Murovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Virology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 5 Ratsupites St., LV-1067 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2017, May 02). 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