{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:48:01Z","timestamp":1768790881454,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Program on Key Research Project of China","award":["2018YFD0500801, 2018YFD0500804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500801, 2018YFD0500804"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2662016PY003, 2662017PY092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662016PY003, 2662017PY092"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016M602324"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016M602324"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) causing congenital tremor type A-II in piglets was identified in China in 2016. An increased number of cases of APPV have been reported in various countries all over the world since 2015. This study aimed to develop an effective subunit vaccine against APPV based on the E2 protein, which is the main immunogenicity protein of APPV. In this study, E2 protein was successfully expressed by the baculovirus expression system. E2 protein was confirmed by Western blot assay, which showed that E2 protein possesses N-linked glycosylation sites. The immunogenicity of E2 subunit vaccine was evaluated in mice. The E2 protein emulsified with ISA 201VG adjuvant induced significantly higher levels of APPV-specific antibodies and elicited stronger lymphocyte proliferative responses and higher interleukin-10 secretion than those of the E2 protein emulsified with IMS 1313VG adjuvant. This observation indicates that the E2 subunit vaccine induces a Th2-type immune response. Our results showed that E2 protein can be developed as a safe and effective subunit vaccine for the control of APPV infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]],"date-time":"2018-11-28T11:43:44Z","timestamp":1543405424000},"page":"673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["A Subunit Vaccine Based on E2 Protein of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus Induces Th2-type Immune Response in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Huawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Genxi","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanchun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Atypical porcine pestivirus: A possible cause of congenital tremor type A-II in newborn piglets","volume":"8","author":"Deijs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0150104","article-title":"Identification of a divergent lineage porcine pestivirus in nursing piglets with congenital tremors and reproduction of disease following experimental inoculation","volume":"11","author":"Arruda","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000251","article-title":"Discovery of a novel putative atypical porcine pestivirus in pigs in the USA","volume":"96","author":"Hause","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00862","article-title":"Atypical porcine pestivirus as a novel type of pestivirus in pigs in China","volume":"8","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Li, X., Peng, G., Tang, C., Zhu, S., Qian, S., Xu, J., and Qian, P. (2014). Glycoprotein E2 of classical swine fever virus expressed by baculovirus induces the protective immune responses in rabbits. Vaccine., 32.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.10.003"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12753","article-title":"Presence of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) in Brazilian pigs","volume":"65","author":"Weber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27735","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27735","article-title":"Presence of atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) genomes in newborn piglets correlates with congenital tremor","volume":"6","author":"Postel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12532","article-title":"High Prevalence of Highly Variable Atypical Porcine Pestiviruses Found in Germany","volume":"64","author":"Beer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12854","article-title":"Frequent infection of wild boar with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV)","volume":"65","author":"Cagatay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12824","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus in Brazil in the central nervous system of suckling piglets with congenital tremor","volume":"65","author":"Gatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12759","article-title":"Detection of atypical porcine pestivirus in semen from commercial boar studs in the United States","volume":"65","author":"Gatto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0406-1","article-title":"Congenital infection with atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is associated with disease and viral persistence","volume":"48","author":"Schwarz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Wen, W., Hao, G., Hu, Y., Chen, H., Qian, P., and Li, X. (2018). Phylogenetic and genomic characterization of a novel atypical porcine pestivirus in China. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., 65.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12675"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000251","article-title":"Discovery of a novel putative atypical porcine pestivirus in pigs in the USA","volume":"96","author":"Hause","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/12\/673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:32:48Z","timestamp":1760196768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/12\/673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v10120673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10120673","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,28]]}}}