{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:44:06Z","timestamp":1790516646119,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004099","name":"Ligue Contre le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EL2013-3Mahieux"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EL2013-3Mahieux"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004099","name":"Ligue Contre le Cancer","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PhD fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004099","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNP)","award":["CNPq 301685\/2016-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNPq 301685\/2016-9"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNP)","award":["133783\/2018-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133783\/2018-9"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014\/22827-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014\/22827-7"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soroptimist Ari\u00e8ge","award":["donation"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["donation"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of a neural chronic inflammation, called HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and of a malignant lymphoproliferation, called the adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL). The mechanisms through which the HTLV-1 induces these diseases are still unclear, but they might rely on immune alterations. HAM\/TSP is associated with an impaired production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, CXCL9, or CXCL10. ATLL is associated with high levels of IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2. These immunosuppressive cytokines could promote a protumoral micro-environment. Moreover, HTLV-1 infection impairs the IFN-I production and signaling, and favors the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-6 expression. This contributes both to immune escape and to infected cells proliferation. Here, we review the landscape of cytokine dysregulations induced by HTLV-1 infection and the role of these cytokines in the HTLV-1-associated diseases progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v10120691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]],"date-time":"2018-12-05T12:22:00Z","timestamp":1544012520000},"page":"691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Cytokine Networks Dysregulation during HTLV-1 Infection and Associated Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Futsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe Oncogen\u00e8se R\u00e9trovirale, Equipe Labellis\u00e9e \u00abFRM\u00bb, CIRI\u2014Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Prates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5129-6804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renaud","family":"Mahieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe Oncogen\u00e8se R\u00e9trovirale, Equipe Labellis\u00e9e \u00abFRM\u00bb, CIRI\u2014Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Casseb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Tropical Medicine of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 05403-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP 01246-100, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2682-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Dutartre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9quipe Oncogen\u00e8se R\u00e9trovirale, Equipe Labellis\u00e9e \u00abFRM\u00bb, CIRI\u2014Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Universit\u00e9 Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Labex Ecofect, ENS Lyon, F-69007 Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Futsch, N., Mahieux, R., and Dutartre, H. (2017). HTLV-1, the Other Pathogenic Yet Neglected Human Retrovirus: From Transmission to Therapeutic Treatment. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10010001"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.11.003","article-title":"HTLV-1 clonality in adult T-cell leukaemia and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection","volume":"26","author":"Bangham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizkallah, G., Alais, S., Futsch, N., Tanaka, Y., Journo, C., Mahieux, R., and Dutartre, H. (2017). Dendritic cell maturation, but not type I interferon exposure, restricts infection by HTLV-1, and viral transmission to T-cells. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006494"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furuta, R., Yasunaga, J.I., Miura, M., Sugata, K., Saito, A., Akari, H., Ueno, T., Takenouchi, N., Fujisawa, J.I., and Koh, K.R. (2017). Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 infects multiple lineage hematopoietic cells in vivo. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006722"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06900-11","article-title":"Distinct Transformation Tropism Exhibited by Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 Is the Result of Postinfection T Cell Clonal Expansion","volume":"86","author":"Kannian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1745","article-title":"Cell-free HTLV-1 infects dendritic cells leading to transmission and transformation of CD4(+) T cells","volume":"14","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10580","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01799-15","article-title":"Viral Source-Independent High Susceptibility of Dendritic Cells to Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection Compared to That of T Lymphocytes","volume":"89","author":"Alais","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00388","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects and World Distribution of HTLV-1 Infection","volume":"3","author":"Gessain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"101754","article-title":"Clinical Trials and Treatment of ATL","volume":"2012","author":"Tsukasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410280110","article-title":"Nationwide survey of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in Japan: Association with blood transfusion","volume":"28","author":"Osame","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15012","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.12","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"1","author":"Bangham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2012.069476","article-title":"Pre-morbid human T-lymphotropic virus type I proviral load, rather than percentage of abnormal lymphocytes, is associated with an increased risk of aggressive adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"98","author":"Hodson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmx039","article-title":"Early Onset of HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) and Adult T-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma (ATL): Systematic Search and Review","volume":"64","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Trop. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199307000-00010","article-title":"Immunocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in the spinal cord lesions in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"52","author":"Umehara","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/135502802317247811","article-title":"Selected cytotoxic T lymphocytes with high specificity for HTLV-I in cerebrospinal fluid from a HAM\/TSP patient","volume":"8","author":"Kubota","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10065","article-title":"Increased HTLV-I proviral load and preferential expansion of HTLV-I Tax-specific CD8+ T cells in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with HAM\/TSP","volume":"50","author":"Nagai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0000000000000141","article-title":"Visualization of HTLV-1\u2013Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in the Spinal Cords of Patients With HTLV-1\u2013Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis","volume":"74","author":"Matsuura","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.1991.tb08051.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of clinical subtypes of adult T-cell leukaemia-lymphoma. A report from the Lymphoma Study Group (1984\u201387)","volume":"79","author":"Shimoyama","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02563","article-title":"Role of HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ in the Pathogenesis of HAM\/TSP","volume":"8","author":"Vellucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giam, C.-Z., and Semmes, O.J. (2016). HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T-Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma\u2014A Tale of Two Proteins: Tax and HBZ. Viruses, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/v8060161"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2015.10.003","article-title":"Interleukin-2: Biology, Design and Application","volume":"36","author":"Woytschak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/333776a0","article-title":"HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-\u03baB-like factor","volume":"333","author":"Leung","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.13.5218","article-title":"Transactivation of interleukin 2 and its receptor induces immune activation in human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy: Pathogenic implications and a rationale for immunotherapy","volume":"87","author":"Tendler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1302","article-title":"Spontaneous proliferation of peripheral blood lymphocytes increased in patients with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Itoyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9642","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.11.9642-9649.1999","article-title":"Proliferation Response to Interleukin-2 and Jak\/Stat Activation of T Cells Immortalized by Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Is Independent of Open Reading Frame I Expression","volume":"73","author":"Collins","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-2126(86)90012-3","article-title":"Dissociation of interleukin-2-mediated cell proliferation and interleukin-2 receptor upregulation in adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"10","author":"Hori","year":"1986","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI111992","article-title":"Interleukin-2 receptor (Tac antigen) expressed on adult T cell leukemia cells","volume":"76","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V72.4.1182.1182","article-title":"Leukemic cells from some adult T-cell leukemia patients proliferate in response to interleukin-4","volume":"72","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6320374","article-title":"T-cell growth factor gene: Lack of expression in human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus-infected cells","volume":"223","author":"Arya","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7604283","article-title":"Constitutively activated Jak-STAT pathway in T cells transformed with HTLV-I","volume":"269","author":"Migone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(98)00173-8","article-title":"Differences in phosphorylation of the IL-2R associated JAK\/STAT proteins between HTLV-I (+), IL-2-independent and IL-2-dependent cell lines and uncultured leukemic cells from patients with adult T-cell lymphoma\/leukemia","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13897","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.25.13897","article-title":"Proliferation of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells is associated with the constitutive activation of JAK\/STAT proteins","volume":"94","author":"Takemoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"4","article-title":"Role of Wild-type and Recombinant Human T-cell Leukemia Viruses in Lymphoproliferative Disease in Humanized NSG Mice","volume":"68","author":"Huey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5948","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-277418","article-title":"Autocrine\/paracrine cytokine stimulation of leukemic cell proliferation in smoldering and chronic adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4624","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208507","article-title":"IL-2- and STAT5-regulated cytokine gene expression in cells expressing the Tax protein of HTLV-1","volume":"24","author":"Fung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4265","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V91.11.4265","article-title":"Interleukin-15 (IL-15) Can Replace the IL-2 Signal in IL-2\u2013Dependent Adult T-Cell Leukemia (ATL) Cell Lines: Expression of IL-15 Receptor \u03b1 on ATL Cells","volume":"91","author":"Yamada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.06.014","article-title":"Targeting the HTLV-I-Regulated BATF3\/IRF4 Transcriptional Network in Adult T Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma","volume":"34","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1993.tb00081.x","article-title":"Interleukin-4 induces proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"50","author":"Mori","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1996.tb01936.x","article-title":"Characterization and regulation of interleukin-4 receptor in adult T-cell leukemia cells","volume":"56","author":"Mori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.3109\/10428199609093442","article-title":"Features of the Cytokines Secreted by Adult T Cell Leukemia (ATL) Cells","volume":"21","author":"Yamada","year":"1996","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.190.12.1837","article-title":"Lineage-Specific Modulation of Interleukin 4 Signaling by Interferon Regulatory Factor 4","volume":"190","author":"Gupta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3060","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-036368","article-title":"IRF-4 and c-Rel expression in antiviral-resistant adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"109","author":"Ramos","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3415","article-title":"Integrated molecular analysis of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"47","author":"Kataoka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6844","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA117.000164","article-title":"An activating mutation of interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"293","author":"Cherian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2111","article-title":"Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infectivity and cellular transformation","volume":"7","author":"Matsuoka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2015.1094141","article-title":"Immunological signature of the different clinical stages of the HTLV-1 infection: Establishing serum biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated disease morbidity","volume":"20","author":"Starling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1086\/368379","article-title":"Different Cytokine Production in Tax-Expressing Cells between Patients with Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I (HTLV-I)\u2013Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis and Asymptomatic HTLV-I Carriers","volume":"187","author":"Furukawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2015.04.012","article-title":"The evolution of IL-4 and IL-13 and their receptor subunits","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6081","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6081-6090.2004","article-title":"Interleukin-13 Overexpression by Tax Transactivation: A Potential Autocrine Stimulus in Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus-Infected Lymphocytes","volume":"78","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4130","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-04-1043","article-title":"Activation of interleukin-13 expression in T cells from HTLV-1-infected individuals and in chronically infected cell lines","volume":"102","author":"Chung","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2788","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.2008\/003699-0","article-title":"Stimulation of interleukin-13 expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein Tax via a dually active promoter element responsive to NF-\u03baB and NFAT","volume":"89","author":"Silbermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(90)90217-B","article-title":"Elevated levels of interleukin-6 in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"97","author":"Nishimoto","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3054","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21688","article-title":"Clinical significance of serum Th1-, Th2- and regulatory T cells-associated cytokines in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: High interleukin-5 and -10 levels are significant unfavorable prognostic factors","volume":"118","author":"Inagaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.1998.00538.x","article-title":"Circulating interleukin-6 levels are elevated in adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma patients and correlate with adverse clinical features and survival","volume":"100","author":"Yamamura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagdi, H., Demontis, M.A., Ramos, J.C., and Taylor, G.P. (2018). Switching and loss of cellular cytokine producing capacity characterize in vivo viral infection and malignant transformation in human T- lymphotropic virus type 1 infection. PLoS Pathog., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006861"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sawada, L., Nagano, Y., Hasegawa, A., Kanai, H., Nogami, K., Ito, S., Sato, T., Yamano, Y., Tanaka, Y., and Masuda, T. (2017). IL-10-mediated signals act as a switch for lymphoproliferation in Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 infection by activating the STAT3 and IRF4 pathways. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006597"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.21918","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type-I Tax induces expression of interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R): Shedding of soluble IL-6R and activation of STAT3 signaling","volume":"119","author":"Horiuchi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(04)00003-2","article-title":"IL-6 trans-Signaling: The Heat Is On","volume":"20","author":"Neurath","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3787","article-title":"Type I interferons in infectious disease","volume":"15","author":"McNab","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112240","article-title":"Innate Immune Pattern Recognition: A Cell Biological Perspective","volume":"33","author":"Brubaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00526","article-title":"Harnessing Mechanistic Knowledge on Beneficial Versus Deleterious IFN-I Effects to Design Innovative Immunotherapies Targeting Cytokine Activity to Specific Cell Types","volume":"5","author":"Tomasello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3390\/v3081374","article-title":"HTLV-1 and innate immunity","volume":"3","author":"Journo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2011.01862.x","article-title":"Double control systems for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 by innate and acquired immunity","volume":"102","author":"Kannagi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4177","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.0669","article-title":"Meta-analysis on the use of zidovudine and interferon-alfa in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma showing improved survival in the leukemic subtypes","volume":"28","author":"Bazarbachi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1992.tb08059.x","article-title":"Systemic interferon-\u03b1 in the treatment of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"86","author":"Kuroda","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine1962.29.362","article-title":"The efficacy of interferon-\u03b1 treatment in human T-lymphotropic virus type-I-associated myelopathy","volume":"29","author":"Nakamura","year":"1990","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(96)05319-1","article-title":"Long-term, high dose interferon-\u03b1 treatment in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis: A combined clinical, virological and immunological study","volume":"147","author":"Yamasaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.05.004","article-title":"The impact of interferon-\u03b1 treatment on clinical and immunovirological aspects of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy in northeast of Iran","volume":"250","author":"Rafatpanah","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00101-7","article-title":"Osame, mitsuhiro Anti-viral and immunomodulatory effects of interferon-\u03b1 on cultured lymphocytes from patients with human T lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy (HAM\/TSP)","volume":"61","author":"Ijichi","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tattermusch, S., Skinner, J.A., Chaussabel, D., Banchereau, J., Berry, M.P., McNab, F.W., O\u2019Garra, A., Taylor, G.P., and Bangham, C.R. (2012). Systems biology approaches reveal a specific interferon-inducible signature in HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. PLoS Pathog., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002480"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/1043-6618(90)90756-4","article-title":"Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of adult donors and from cord blood are equally protected by \u03b1- and \u03b2-interferons against infection with HTLV-I","volume":"22","author":"Macchi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13386","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02758-13","article-title":"Alpha interferon restricts human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 and 2 de novo infection through PKR activation","volume":"87","author":"Cachat","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-52","article-title":"Interferon-\u03b1 (IFN-\u03b1) suppresses HTLV-1 gene expression and cell cycling, while IFN-\u03b1 combined with zidovudine induces p53 signaling and apoptosis in HTLV-1-infected cells","volume":"10","author":"Kinpara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-014-0093-9","article-title":"ADAR1 enhances HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 replication through inhibition of PKR activity","volume":"11","author":"Cachat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.12.036","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 blunts signaling by interferon \u03b1","volume":"374","author":"Feng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliere, S., Hernandez, E., Lezin, A., Arguello, M., Douville, R., Nguyen, T.L., Olindo, S., Panelatti, G., Kazanji, M., and Wilkinson, P. (2010). HTLV-1 evades type I interferon antiviral signaling by inducing the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001177"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1999.9679","article-title":"HTLV-I-infected T cells evade the antiproliferative action of IFN-\u03b2","volume":"257","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6955","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00007-11","article-title":"Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax inhibits innate antiviral signaling via NF-kappaB-dependent induction of SOCS1","volume":"85","author":"Charoenthongtrakul","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.06.035","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax modulates interferon-\u03b1 signal transduction through competitive usage of the coactivator CBP\/p300","volume":"379","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.09.024","article-title":"The interferon response circuit: Induction and suppression by pathogenic viruses","volume":"344","author":"Haller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00853-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00853-17","article-title":"Positive and Negative Regulation of Type I Interferons by the Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Antisense Protein HBZ","volume":"91","author":"Narulla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02493-14","article-title":"Oncogenic human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax suppression of primary innate immune signaling pathways","volume":"89","author":"Hyun","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3902","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00129-16","article-title":"Suppression of Type I Interferon Production by Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Oncoprotein Tax through Inhibition of IRF3 Phosphorylation","volume":"90","author":"Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.01.016","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax impairs K63-linked ubiquitination of STING to evade host innate immunity","volume":"232","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4441","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.031476","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus 1 manipulates interferon regulatory signals by controlling the TAK1-IRF3 and IRF4 pathways","volume":"285","author":"Suzuki","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.005","article-title":"HTLV-1 Tax protein recruitment into IKK\u03b5 and TBK1 kinase complexes enhances IFN-I expression","volume":"476","author":"Diani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2013.09.009","article-title":"Host restriction factor SAMHD1 limits human T cell leukemia virus type 1 infection of monocytes via STING-mediated apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Sze","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700111","article-title":"Ku70 Senses HTLV-1 DNA and Modulates HTLV-1 Replication","volume":"199","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13077","article-title":"IFI16 regulates HTLV-1 replication through promoting HTLV-1 RTI-induced innate immune responses","volume":"592","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-06-224741","article-title":"Free HTLV-1 induces TLR7-dependent innate immune response and TRAIL relocalization in killer plasmacytoid dendritic cells","volume":"115","author":"Colisson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04956.x","article-title":"Depletion and impaired interferon-\u03b1-producing capacity of blood plasmacytoid dendritic cells in human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected individuals","volume":"125","author":"Hishizawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-203042","article-title":"Severe loss of invariant NKT cells exhibiting anti-HTLV-1 activity in patients with HTLV-1-associated disorders","volume":"114","author":"Azakami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2013.0054","article-title":"An Altered Maturation and Adhesion Phenotype of Dendritic Cells in Diseased Individuals Compared to Asymptomatic Carriers of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1","volume":"29","author":"Manuel","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2016.0296","article-title":"Mediators Go Together: High Production of CXCL9, CXCL10, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1 in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy\/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis","volume":"33","author":"Neco","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.09.012","article-title":"Proviral load and the balance of serum cytocines in HTLV-1-asymptomatic infection and in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP)","volume":"125","author":"Starling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.240460405","article-title":"Cytokine induction in HTLV-I associated myelopathy and adult T-cell leukemia: Alternate molecular mechanisms underlying retroviral pathogenesis","volume":"46","author":"Tendler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.2174\/187152808785107642","article-title":"HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) inflammatory network","volume":"7","author":"Goncalves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.15.1.15","article-title":"Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I (htlv-I) and Human Diseases","volume":"15","author":"Uchiyama","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2017.56","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 promotes transendothelial migration of CD4+ T cells across the blood\u2013brain barrier","volume":"95","author":"Sonar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2016.08.012","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells that produces an inflammatory positive feedback loop via astrocytes in HAM\/TSP","volume":"304","author":"Yamano","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2576","article-title":"Human Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption by Retroviral-Infected Lymphocytes: Role of Myosin Light Chain Kinase in Endothelial Tight-Junction Disorganization","volume":"179","author":"Afonso","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afonso, P.V., Ozden, S., Cumont, M.-C., Seilhean, D., Cartier, L., Rezaie, P., Mason, S., Lambert, S., Huerre, M., and Gessain, A. (2008). Alteration of blood-brain barrier integrity by retroviral infection. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000205"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2007.05.015","article-title":"High production of RANTES and MIP-1\u03b1 in the tropical spastic paraparesis\/HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (TSP\/HAM)","volume":"188","author":"Montanheiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"35","article-title":"IL-10 produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells emerge as a putative immunoregulatory mechanism to counterbalance the monocyte-derived TNF-\u03b1 and guarantee asymptomatic clinical status during chronic HTLV-I infection","volume":"147","author":"Ribas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.38.717","article-title":"Relationship between the clinical efficacy of pentoxifylline treatment and elevation of serum T helper type 2 cytokine levels in patients with human T-lymphotropic virus type I-associated myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Fujimoto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00810351","article-title":"Neopterin concentrations in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in HTLV-I infected individuals","volume":"239","author":"Ali","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2016.11.009","article-title":"The effect of HTLV-1 virulence factors (HBZ, Tax, proviral load), HLA class I and plasma neopterin on manifestation of HTLV-1 associated myelopathy tropical spastic paraparesis","volume":"228","author":"Tarokhian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Coler-Reilly, A., Utsunomiya, A., Araya, N., Yagishita, N., Ando, H., Yamauchi, J., Inoue, E., Ueno, T., and Hasegawa, Y. (2013). CSF CXCL10, CXCL9, and neopterin as candidate prognostic biomarkers for HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002479"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2876","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt183","article-title":"Positive feedback loop via astrocytes causes chronic inflammation in virus-associated myelopathy","volume":"136","author":"Ando","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24481","article-title":"Plasmatic proinflammatory chemokines levels are tricky markers to monitoring HTLV-1 carriers","volume":"88","author":"Chaves","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3431","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75250","article-title":"HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells","volume":"124","author":"Araya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410370206","article-title":"Detection of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax RNA in the central nervous system of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis patients by in situ hybridization","volume":"37","author":"Lehky","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/135502801300069719","article-title":"Localization of retrovirus in the central nervous system of a patient co-infected with HTLV-1 and HIV with HAM\/TSP and HIV-associated dementia","volume":"7","author":"Levin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9143","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.12.9143-9149.1997","article-title":"Astrocyte-specific expression of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax: Induction of tumor necrosis factor \u03b1 and susceptibility to lysis by CD8+ HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells","volume":"71","author":"Kawanishi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009030761","article-title":"Long-term effects of HTLV-1 on brain astrocytes: Sustained expression of Tax-1 associated with synthesis of inflammatory mediators","volume":"6","author":"Szymocha","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurovirol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01513-06","article-title":"Proinflammatory cytokine gene induction by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 Tax in primary human glial cells","volume":"81","author":"Banerjee","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1995.tb06917.x","article-title":"Diversity of immunobiological functions of T-cell lines established from patients with adult T-cell leukaemia","volume":"133","author":"Iwatsuki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"633","article-title":"Constitutive expression of immunosuppression-associated cytokine genes in a panel of human T-leukemia-cell lines\u2014High-incidence of transforming growth-factor-Beta gene-expression","volume":"4","author":"Micallef","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1086\/376529","article-title":"Majority of interferon-gamma-producing CD4+ cells in patients infected with human T cell lymphotrophic virus do not express tax protein","volume":"188","author":"Mitre","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830210815","article-title":"The human interferon-gamma gene contains an inducible promoter that can be transactivated by tax I and II","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2005.00050.x","article-title":"Tumor immunity against adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"96","author":"Kannagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3305","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0266","article-title":"Enhanced tumorigenesis in HTLV-1 tax-transgenic mice deficient in interferon-gamma","volume":"104","author":"Harding","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.172.1.121","article-title":"Transactivation of the transforming growth factor \u03b2 1 (TGF-\u03b2 1) gene by human T lymphotropic virus type 1 tax: A potential mechanism for the increased production of TGF-\u03b2 1 in adult T cell leukemia","volume":"172","author":"Kim","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V71.1.263.263","article-title":"Expression of TGF-\u03b2 gene in adult T cell leukemia","volume":"71","author":"Niitsu","year":"1988","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20558","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 control of cell proliferation","volume":"96","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.153.2.566","article-title":"Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I-induced T cell activation. Resistance to TGF-\u03b2 1-induced suppression","volume":"153","author":"Ausubel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5601","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-123430","article-title":"Dysregulation of TGF-\u03b2 signaling and regulatory and effector T-cell function in virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease","volume":"111","author":"Grant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.7.2137","article-title":"Human T-cell leukemia virus type I oncoprotein Tax represses Smad-dependent transforming growth factor \u03b2 signaling through interaction with CREB-binding protein\/p300","volume":"97","author":"Mori","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33766","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200150200","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 tax inhibits transforming growth factor-\u03b2 signaling by blocking the association of Smad proteins with Smad-binding element","volume":"277","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0372","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic virus oncoprotein Tax represses TGF-\u03b2 1 signaling in human T cells via c-Jun activation: A potential mechanism of HTLV-I leukemogenesis","volume":"100","author":"Arnulf","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1865","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-326199","article-title":"HTLV-1 bZIP factor enhances TGF-\u03b2 signaling through p300 coactivator","volume":"118","author":"Zhao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123196","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123196","article-title":"Histone H2A monoubiquitylation and p38-MAPKs regulate immediate-early gene-like reactivation of latent retrovirus HTLV-1","volume":"3","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030152","article-title":"Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-\u03b2 induction of transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-9-46","article-title":"HTLV-1 modulates the frequency and phenotype of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells in virus-infected individuals","volume":"9","author":"Satou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903846","article-title":"Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1-induced CC chemokine ligand 22 maintains a high frequency of functional FoxP3+ regulatory T cells","volume":"185","author":"Toulza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24664","article-title":"FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are distinct from leukemia cells in HTLV-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"125","author":"Toulza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.3.1035.bloodjournal8831035","article-title":"Interleukin-10 gene expression in adult T-cell leukemia","volume":"88","author":"Mori","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-10-91","article-title":"The combination of arsenic, interferon-\u03b1, and zidovudine restores an \u201cimmunocompetent-like\u201d cytokine expression profile in patients with adult T-cell leukemia lymphoma","volume":"10","author":"Kchour","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yasuma, K., Yasunaga, J., Takemoto, K., Sugata, K., Mitobe, Y., Takenouchi, N., Nakagawa, M., Suzuki, Y., and Matsuoka, M. (2016). HTLV-1 bZIP Factor Impairs Anti-viral Immunity by Inducing Co-inhibitory Molecule, T Cell Immunoglobulin and ITIM Domain (TIGIT). PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005372"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23414","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M600684200","article-title":"The HTLV-I p30 interferes with TLR4 signaling and modulates the release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines from human macrophages","volume":"281","author":"Datta","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.09.002","article-title":"Biology of interleukin-10","volume":"21","author":"Sabat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Fact. Rev."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.02.006","article-title":"IL-10, T cell exhaustion and viral persistence","volume":"15","author":"Blackburn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6667","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-0740","article-title":"IL10 Release upon PD-1 Blockade Sustains Immunosuppression in Ovarian Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2008.272","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L1 expression in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 carriers and adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma patients","volume":"23","author":"Kozako","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.23042","article-title":"Augmented expression of programmed death-1 in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic CD4+ T-cells in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma","volume":"121","author":"Shimauchi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13654","article-title":"Human T-cell lymphotropic\/leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax-specific T-cell exhaustion in HTLV-1-infected individuals","volume":"109","author":"Masaki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.8.5718","article-title":"Reduced frequency, diversity, and function of human T cell leukemia virus type 1-specific CD8+ T cell in adult T cell leukemia patients","volume":"177","author":"Kozako","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1159\/000371766","article-title":"High IFN-\u03b3\/IL-10 expression ratio and increased frequency of persistent human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-infected clones are associated with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis development","volume":"58","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intervirology"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/12\/691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T15:31:17Z","timestamp":1760196677000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/10\/12\/691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]},"references-count":149,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v10120691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v10120691","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,5]]}}}