{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T23:40:33Z","timestamp":1790638833340,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]],"date-time":"2019-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council (Formas, Sweden), L'Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France) and the Federal Office for Agriculture and Food (BLE, Germany) through the ANHIWA ERA-Net","award":["project TRANSCRIPTOVAC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["project TRANSCRIPTOVAC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the most devastating disease of cloven-hoofed livestock, with a crippling economic burden in endemic areas and immense costs associated with outbreaks in free countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a picornavirus, will spread rapidly in na\u00efve populations, reaching morbidity rates of up to 100% in cattle. Even after recovery, over 50% of cattle remain subclinically infected and infectious virus can be recovered from the nasopharynx. The pathogen and host factors that contribute to FMDV persistence are currently not understood. Using for the first time primary bovine soft palate multilayers in combination with proteogenomics, we analyzed the transcriptional responses during acute and persistent FMDV infection. During the acute phase viral RNA and protein was detectable in large quantities and in response hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) were overexpressed, mediating antiviral activity and apoptosis. Although the number of pro-apoptotic ISGs and the extent of their regulation decreased during persistence, some ISGs with antiviral activity were still highly expressed at that stage. This indicates a long-lasting but ultimately ineffective stimulation of ISGs during FMDV persistence. Furthermore, downregulation of relevant genes suggests an interference with the extracellular matrix that may contribute to the skewed virus-host equilibrium in soft palate epithelial cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T12:20:07Z","timestamp":1547468407000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Proteogenomics Uncovers Critical Elements of Host Response in Bovine Soft Palate Epithelial Cells Following In Vitro Infection with Foot-And-Mouth Disease Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-6183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Pfaff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6983-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"H\u00e4gglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7573-2594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Zoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Blaise-Boisseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9254-8791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve","family":"Laloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"Biop\u00f4le EnvA, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8736-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne","family":"Koethe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Z\u00fchlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Riedel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Zientara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Labib","family":"Bakkali-Kassimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Sant\u00e9 Animale de Maisons-Alfort, UMR 1161 virologie, INRA, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8564-5603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Valarcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Host-pathogen interaction group, Division of Ruminant Medicine, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-2274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk","family":"H\u00f6per","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1104-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Eschbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2013.07.013","article-title":"The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease\u2014What are they, how big are they and where do they occur?","volume":"112","author":"Rushton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000911","article-title":"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Picornaviridae","volume":"98","author":"Zell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/12.16.6587","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"12","author":"Forss","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"9","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease: Host range and pathogenesis","volume":"288","author":"Alexandersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00263-0","article-title":"Foot and mouth disease in wildlife","volume":"91","author":"Thomson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.17.2.465-493.2004","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease","volume":"17","author":"Grubman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) (2018). Foot and mouth disease (infection with foot and mouth disease virus). Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals (Terrestrial Manual), OIE. 2.1.8."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arzt, J., Belsham, G.J., Lohse, L., Botner, A., and Stenfeldt, C. (2018). Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease from Persistently Infected Carrier Cattle to Naive Cattle via Transfer of Oropharyngeal Fluid. mSphere, 3.","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00365-18"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)01634-9","article-title":"Aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals\u2014The carrier problem","volume":"4","author":"Alexandersen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco, J.M., Smoliga, G.R., O\u2019Donnell, V., Brito, B.P., Stenfeldt, C., Rodriguez, L.L., and Arzt, J. (2015). Persistent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection in the Nasopharynx of Cattle; Tissue-Specific Distribution and Local Cytokine Expression. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125698"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.08.034","article-title":"Protection against direct-contact challenge following emergency FMD vaccination of cattle and the effect on virus excretion from the oropharynx","volume":"23","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.01.037","article-title":"Effect of emergency FMD vaccine antigen payload on protection, sub-clinical infection and persistence following direct contact challenge of cattle","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Juleff, N., Windsor, M., Reid, E., Seago, J., Zhang, Z., Monaghan, P., Morrison, I.W., and Charleston, B. (2008). Foot-and-mouth disease virus persists in the light zone of germinal centres. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003434"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23478-0","article-title":"Cellular response to persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus infection is linked to specific types of alterations in the host cell transcriptome","volume":"8","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.04.021","article-title":"Differential gene expression in bovine cells infected with wild type and leaderless foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"404","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2526-8","article-title":"Establishment of persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection in MDBK cells","volume":"160","author":"Kopliku","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"185","article-title":"Virus-host interactions in persistently FMDV-infected cells derived from bovine pharynx","volume":"468\u2013470","author":"Pacheco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00e4gglund, S., Laloy, E., N\u00e4slund, K., Pfaff, F., Eschbaumer, M., Romey, A., Relmy, A., Rikberg, A., Svensson, A., and Huet, H. (2018). Model of persistent foot-and\u2013mouth disease virus infection in multilayered cells derived from bovine dorsal soft palate. Transbound. Emerg. Dis., under review.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13332"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4197","article-title":"Salmon provides fast and bias-aware quantification of transcript expression","volume":"14","author":"Patro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"R Core Team (2017). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.7563.1","article-title":"Differential analyses for RNA-seq: Transcript-level estimates improve gene-level inferences","volume":"4","author":"Soneson","year":"2015","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","article-title":"Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2","volume":"15","author":"Love","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1039\/C5MB00663E","article-title":"ReactomePA: An R\/Bioconductor package for reactome pathway analysis and visualization","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biosyst."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0118","article-title":"clusterProfiler: An R package for comparing biological themes among gene clusters","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3\u2014New capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00974","article-title":"Symbiotic Interplay of Fungi, Algae, and Bacteria within the Lung Lichen Lobaria pulmonaria L. Hoffm. as Assessed by State-of-the-Art Metaproteomics","volume":"16","author":"Eymann","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-016-0518-x","article-title":"Decoding the complete arsenal for cellulose and hemicellulose deconstruction in the highly efficient cellulose decomposer Paenibacillus O199","volume":"9","author":"Becher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3252","article-title":"Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysis with Bioconductor","volume":"12","author":"Huber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pavelka, N., Pelizzola, M., Vizzardelli, C., Capozzoli, M., Splendiani, A., Granucci, F., and Ricciardi-Castagnoli, P. (2004). A power law global error model for the identification of differentially expressed genes in microarray data. BMC Bioinform., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-203"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D447","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1145","article-title":"2016 update of the PRIDE database and its related tools","volume":"44","author":"Vizcaino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D649","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1132","article-title":"The Reactome Pathway Knowledgebase","volume":"46","author":"Fabregat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-015-3709-x","article-title":"Differential gene expression in porcine SK6 cells infected with wild-type and SAP domain-mutant foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"31","author":"Ni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01204.x","article-title":"The pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease I: Viral pathways in cattle","volume":"58","author":"Arzt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17800","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18112-4","article-title":"Clearance of a persistent picornavirus infection is associated with enhanced pro-apoptotic and cellular immune responses","volume":"7","author":"Stenfeldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eschbaumer, M., Stenfeldt, C., Smoliga, G.R., Pacheco, J.M., Rodriguez, L.L., Li, R.W., Zhu, J., and Arzt, J. (2016). Transcriptomic Analysis of Persistent Infection with Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle Suggests Impairment of Apoptosis and Cell-Mediated Immunity in the Nasopharynx. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162750"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90520-M","article-title":"The human XIST gene: Analysis of a 17 kb inactive X-specific RNA that contains conserved repeats and is highly localized within the nucleus","volume":"71","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2012.10.005","article-title":"MDA5 detects the double-stranded RNA replicative form in picornavirus-infected cells","volume":"2","author":"Feng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","article-title":"Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses","volume":"441","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11106","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01310-16","article-title":"Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Viroporin 2B Antagonizes RIG-I-Mediated Antiviral Effects by Inhibition of Its Protein Expression","volume":"90","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.18.5.2986","article-title":"Virus-dependent phosphorylation of the IRF-3 transcription factor regulates nuclear translocation, transactivation potential, and proteasome-mediated degradation","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00785","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00785","article-title":"MAVS recruits multiple ubiquitin E3 ligases to activate antiviral signaling cascades","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2011.08.001","article-title":"Orchestrating the interferon antiviral response through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adapter","volume":"23","author":"Belgnaoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.4.1906-1914.2006","article-title":"The leader proteinase of foot-and-mouth disease virus inhibits the induction of beta interferon mRNA and blocks the host innate immune response","volume":"80","author":"Weiblen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2007.0097","article-title":"Interferon-alpha production by swine dendritic cells is inhibited during acute infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus","volume":"21","author":"Nfon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eschbaumer, M., Stenfeldt, C., Rekant, S.I., Pacheco, J.M., Hartwig, E.J., Smoliga, G.R., Kenney, M.A., Golde, W.T., Rodriguez, L.L., and Arzt, J. (2016). Systemic immune response and virus persistence after foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of naive cattle and cattle vaccinated with a homologous adenovirus-vectored vaccine. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0838-x"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin, L., Li, X., Richers, B., Streib, J.E., Hu, J.W., Taylor, P., and Leung, D.Y.M. (2018). Ankyrin repeat domain 1 regulates innate immune responses against herpes simplex virus 1: A potential role in eczema herpeticum. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.01.001"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10236","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.17.10236","article-title":"Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine-inducible nuclear protein from human endothelial cells","volume":"270","author":"Chu","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2014.09.018","article-title":"Global deletion of Ankrd1 results in a wound-healing phenotype associated with dermal fibroblast dysfunction","volume":"185","author":"Samaras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.01.059","article-title":"Hepatic gene expression discriminates responders and nonresponders in treatment of chronic hepatitis C viral infection","volume":"128","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10381","article-title":"Upregulation of endogenous intrahepatic interferon stimulated genes during chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"70","author":"MacQuillan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11657","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.25.11657","article-title":"Identification of a member of the interferon regulatory factor family that binds to the interferon-stimulated response element and activates expression of interferon-induced genes","volume":"92","author":"Au","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235208","article-title":"Blockade of chronic type I interferon signaling to control persistent LCMV infection","volume":"340","author":"Wilson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-2654","article-title":"Ly6E\/K Signaling to TGFbeta Promotes Breast Cancer Progression, Immune Escape, and Drug Resistance","volume":"76","author":"AlHossiny","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","article-title":"A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response","volume":"472","author":"Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1720032115","article-title":"Flavivirus internalization is regulated by a size-dependent endocytic pathway","volume":"115","author":"Hackett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19294","DOI":"10.1038\/srep19294","article-title":"Productive Entry of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus via Macropinocytosis Independent of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.6.2680","article-title":"Gene microarray identification of redox and mitochondrial elements that control resistance or sensitivity to apoptosis","volume":"97","author":"Voehringer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/334701a0","article-title":"Neural adhesion molecule L1 as a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily with binding domains similar to fibronectin","volume":"334","author":"Moos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1593\/neo.03418","article-title":"Human cytomegalovirus infection of tumor cells downregulates NCAM (CD56): A novel mechanism for virus-induced tumor invasiveness","volume":"6","author":"Blaheta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3904","article-title":"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease","volume":"15","author":"Bonnans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-4-16","article-title":"Epithelial maturation and molecular biology of oral HPV","volume":"4","author":"Feller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(99)00050-7","article-title":"Localization of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA by in situ hybridization within bovine tissues","volume":"62","author":"Forsyth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6344","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00388-16","article-title":"The Foot-and-Mouth Disease Carrier State Divergence in Cattle","volume":"90","author":"Stenfeldt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2017-0113","article-title":"Mechanisms and strategies of papillomavirus replication","volume":"398","author":"McBride","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/1\/53\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:25:28Z","timestamp":1760185528000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/1\/53"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v11010053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11010053","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,12]]}}}