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E1A controls critical aspects of downstream viral gene expression and cell cycle deregulation, and its function is thought to be highly conserved among adenoviruses. Various bioinformatics analyses of E1A from 38 human adenoviruses of species D (HAdV-D), including likelihood clade model partitioning, provided highly significant evidence of divergence of HAdV-Ds into two distinct groups for the conserved region 3 (CR3), present only in the E1A 13S isoform. This variance within E1A 13S of HAdV-Ds was not found in any other human adenovirus (HAdV) species. By protein sequence and structural analysis, the zinc finger motif of E1A CR3, previously shown as critical for transcriptional activation, showed the greatest differences. Subsequent codon usage bias analysis revealed substantial divergence in E1A 13S between the two groups of HAdV-Ds, suggesting that these two sub-groups of HAdV-D evolved under different cellular conditions. Hence, HAdV-D E1A embodies a previously unappreciated evolutionary divergence among HAdVs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11020143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,11]],"date-time":"2019-02-11T03:26:01Z","timestamp":1549855561000},"page":"143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Divergent Evolution of E1A CR3 in Human Adenovirus Species D"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-0456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gurdeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-7235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashrafali M.","family":"Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeong Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirja","family":"Ramke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Dyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA 22030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Rajaiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7463-1599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Chodosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Howe Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.10.020","article-title":"Computational analysis and identification of an emergent human adenovirus pathogen implicated in a respiratory fatality","volume":"409","author":"Robinson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4693","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06969-11","article-title":"Overreliance on the hexon gene, leading to misclassification of human adenoviruses","volume":"86","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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