{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1790676276135,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000038","name":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z01 BK 04012-01 LHV to G.I.P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z01 BK 04012-01 LHV to G.I.P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Noroviruses are highly diverse viruses that are the major viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Although these viruses can infect multiple mammalian species, their potential for zoonosis is not well understood, especially within Genogroup IV (GIV), which contains viruses that infect humans, canines, and felines. The study of GIV viruses has been, in part, hindered by the limited number of complete genomes. Here, we developed a full-genome amplicon-based platform that facilitated the sequencing of canine noroviruses circulating in the United States. Eight novel nearly full-length canine norovirus genomes and two nearly complete VP1 sequences, including four GIV.2, three GVI.1, and three GVI.2 viruses, were successfully obtained. Only animal strains exhibited GVI\/GIV chimeric viruses, demonstrating restrictions in norovirus recombination. Using genomic, phylogenetic, and structural analyses, we show that differences within the major capsid protein and the non-structural proteins of GIV and GVI noroviruses could potentially limit cross-species transmission between humans, canines, and felines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T05:45:36Z","timestamp":1551678336000},"page":"204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Genomics Analyses of GIV and GVI Noroviruses Reveal the Distinct Clustering of Human and Animal Viruses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Lauren A.","family":"Ford-Siltz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1853-5807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Mullis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6008-5630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser M.","family":"Sanad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Human Sciences, University of Arkansas, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Tohma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9349-3155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara J.","family":"Lepore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marli","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1102-4740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel I.","family":"Parra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1086\/427779","article-title":"Association of histo-blood group antigens and susceptibility to norovirus infections","volume":"191","author":"Rockx","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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