{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T01:05:20Z","timestamp":1789175120812,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]],"date-time":"2019-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"TUBITAK","award":["SBAG 115 S 074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SBAG 115 S 074"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is the causative agent of a tick-borne infection with a significant mortality rate of up to 40% in endemic areas, with evidence of geographical expansion. Due to a lack of effective therapeutics and control measures, the development of a protective CCHFV vaccine remains a crucial public health task. This paper describes, for the first time, a Bovine herpesvirus type 4 (BoHV-4)-based viral vector (BoHV4-\u2206TK-CCHFV-N) and its immunogenicity in BALB\/c and protection potential in IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2\/\u03b3R\u2212\/\u2212 mice models in comparison with two routinely used vaccine platforms, namely, Adenovirus type 5 and a DNA vector (pCDNA3.1 myc\/His A), expressing the same antigen. All vaccine constructs successfully elicited significantly elevated cytokine levels and specific antibody responses in immunized BALB\/c and IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2\/\u03b3R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. However, despite highly specific antibody responses in both animal models, the antibodies produced were unable to neutralize the virus in vitro. In the challenge experiment, only the BoHV4-\u2206TK-CCHFV-N and Ad5-N constructs produced 100% protection against lethal doses of the CCHFV Ank-2 strain in IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2\/\u03b3R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. The delivery platforms could not be compared due to similar protection rates in IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2\/\u03b3R\u2212\/\u2212 mice. However, during the challenge experiment in the T cell and passive antibody transfer assay, BoHV4-\u2206TK-CCHFV-N was dominant, with a protection rate of 75% compared to others. In conclusion, vector-based CCHFV N protein expression constitutes an effective approach for vaccine development and BoHV-4 emerged as a strong alternative to previously used viral vectors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T03:49:31Z","timestamp":1552362571000},"page":"237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Bovine Herpesvirus Type 4 (BoHV-4) Vector Delivering Nucleocapsid Protein of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Induces Comparable Protective Immunity against Lethal Challenge in IFN\u03b1\/\u03b2\/\u03b3R\u2212\/\u2212 Mice Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1392-4048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Touraj","family":"Aligholipour Farzani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"F\u00f6ldes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Hanifehnezhad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burcu","family":"Yener Ilce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seval","family":"Bilge Dagalp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neda","family":"Amirzadeh Khiabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5422-1982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koray","family":"Erg\u00fcnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feray","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taner","family":"Karaoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hurrem","family":"Bodur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Clinic, Saglik Bilimleri University, Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5008-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aykut","family":"Ozkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06110, Turkey"},{"name":"Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06560, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00213","article-title":"Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever: Tick-Host-Virus Interactions","volume":"7","author":"Papa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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