{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:13:22Z","timestamp":1788556402880,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]],"date-time":"2019-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004063","name":"Knut och Alice Wallenbergs Stiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KAW 2013.0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KAW 2013.0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011264","name":"FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["290002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["290002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["099197MA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["099197MA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-02401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-02401"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Glycans on plasma membranes and in secretions play important roles in infection by many viruses. Species D human adenovirus type 37 (HAdV-D37) is a major cause of epidemic keratoconjunctivitis (EKC) and infects target cells by interacting with sialic acid (SA)-containing glycans via the fiber knob domain of the viral fiber protein. HAdV-D37 also interacts with sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), but the outcome of this interaction remains unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular requirements of HAdV-D37 fiber knob:GAG interactions using a GAG microarray and demonstrated that fiber knob interacts with a broad range of sulfated GAGs. These interactions were corroborated in cell-based assays and by surface plasmon resonance analysis. Removal of heparan sulfate (HS) and sulfate groups from human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells by heparinase III and sodium chlorate treatments, respectively, reduced HAdV-D37 binding to cells. Remarkably, removal of HS by heparinase III enhanced the virus infection. Our results suggest that interaction of HAdV-D37 with sulfated GAGs in secretions and on plasma membranes prevents\/delays the virus binding to SA-containing receptors and inhibits subsequent infection. We also found abundant HS in the basement membrane of the human corneal epithelium, which may act as a barrier to sub-epithelial infection. Collectively, our findings provide novel insights into the role of GAGs as viral decoy receptors and highlight the therapeutic potential of GAGs and\/or GAG-mimetics in HAdV-D37 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T04:07:37Z","timestamp":1552450057000},"page":"247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans as Viral Decoy Receptors for Human Adenovirus Type 37"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8551-3256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naresh","family":"Chandra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Xia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Fr\u00e4ngsmyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisete M","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wengang","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Pedrosa Domell\u00f6f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Science, Ophthalmology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ten","family":"Feizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Glycosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of London, Hammersmith Campus, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7069-6678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Arnberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Virology, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ume\u00e5 University, SE-90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-031413-085417","article-title":"Glycan Engagement by Viruses: Receptor Switches and Specificity","volume":"1","author":"Stroh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. 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