{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:54:05Z","timestamp":1790679245011,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005847","name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HMRF\/13144471 HMR\/14150811, HMRF\/ 15163481"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HMRF\/13144471 HMR\/14150811, HMRF\/ 15163481"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002920","name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRF\/HKBU 12101417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRF\/HKBU 12101417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002920","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001747","name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-IRCs\/17-18\/03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-IRCs\/17-18\/03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Well-developed mouse models are important for understanding the pathogenesis and progression of immunological response to viral infections in humans. Moreover, to test vaccines, anti-viral drugs and therapeutic agents, mouse models are fundamental for preclinical investigations. Human viruses, however, seldom infect mice due to differences in the cellular receptors used by the viruses for entry, as well as in the innate immune responses in mice and humans. In other words, a species barrier exists when using mouse models for investigating human viral infections. Developing transgenic (Tg) mice models expressing the human genes coding for viral entry receptors and knock-out (KO) mice models devoid of components involved in the innate immune response have, to some extent, overcome this barrier. Humanized mouse models are a third approach, developed by engrafting functional human cells and tissues into immunodeficient mice. They are becoming indispensable for analyzing human viral diseases since they nearly recapitulate the human disease. These mouse models also serve to test the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral agents. This review provides an update on the Tg, KO, and humanized mouse models that are used in studies investigating the pathogenesis of three important human-specific viruses, namely human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus 1, influenza, and dengue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1552536929000},"page":"252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Recent Updates on Mouse Models for Human Immunodeficiency, Influenza, and Dengue Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Vinodhini","family":"Krishnakumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siva Sundara Kumar","family":"Durairajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalichamy","family":"Alagarasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dengue\/Chikungunya Group, ICMR-National Institute of Virology, Pune 411001, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Laboratory, Mr. &amp; Mrs. Ko Chi-Ming Centre for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Research, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aditya Prasad","family":"Dash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central University of Tamilnadu, Tiruvarur 610 005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2018, August 28). 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