{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T21:51:07Z","timestamp":1789941067220,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DFG: KL 2521\/1-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG: KL 2521\/1-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI109761"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI109761"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>New technologies enable viral discovery in a diversity of hosts, providing insights into viral evolution. We used one such approach, the virome capture sequencing for vertebrate viruses (VirCapSeq-VERT) platform, on 21 samples originating from six dead Maxwell\u2019s duikers (Philantomba maxwellii) from Ta\u00ef National Park, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. We detected the presence of an orthohepadnavirus in one animal and characterized its 3128 bp genome. The highest viral copy numbers were detected in the spleen, followed by the lung, blood, and liver, with the lowest copy numbers in the kidney and heart; the virus was not detected in the jejunum. Viral copy numbers in the blood were in the range known from humans with active chronic infections leading to liver histolytic damage, suggesting this virus could be pathogenic in duikers, though many orthohepadnaviruses appear to be apathogenic in other hosts, precluding a formal test of this hypothesis. The virus was not detected in 29 other dead duiker samples from the C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire and Central African Republic, suggesting either a spillover event or a low prevalence in these populations. Phylogenetic analysis placed the virus as a divergent member of the mammalian clade of orthohepadnaviruses, though its relationship to other orthohepadnaviruses remains uncertain. This represents the first orthohepadnavirus described in an artiodactyl. We have tentatively named this new member of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (family Hepadnaviridae), Ta\u00ef Forest hepadnavirus. Further studies are needed to determine whether it, or some close relatives, are present in a broader range of artiodactyls, including livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]],"date-time":"2019-03-19T12:12:25Z","timestamp":1552997545000},"page":"279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Novel Orthohepadnavirus Identified in a Dead Maxwell\u2019s Duiker (Philantomba maxwellii) in Ta\u00ef National Park, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1889-4113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan F.","family":"Gogarten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishit","family":"Bhuva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komal","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therese","family":"L\u00f6hrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"World Wide Fund for Nature, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui BP 1053, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Oleynik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Couacy-Hymann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National D\u2019appui au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole\/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville BP206, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Fuh Neba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"World Wide Fund for Nature, Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui BP 1053, Central African Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nischay","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Briese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Calvignac-Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Ian","family":"Lipkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian H.","family":"Leendertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Viral Evolution, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5757","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.10.5757","article-title":"Isolation of a hepadnavirus from the woolly monkey, a New World primate","volume":"95","author":"Lanford","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 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