{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T21:40:19Z","timestamp":1793914819979,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]],"date-time":"2019-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1553299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Seventh Framework Programme","award":["643476"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["643476"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007546","name":"ANSES","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRD Funding"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRD Funding"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007546","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004584","name":"Conseil r\u00e9gional de Bretagne","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["xx"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["xx"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004584","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Europe, modified live vaccines (MLV) are commonly used to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection. However, they have been associated with safety issues such as reversion to virulence induced by mutation and\/or recombination. On a French pig farm, we identified a field recombinant strain derived from two PRRSV-1 MLV (MLV1). As a result, we aimed to evaluate its clinical, virological, and transmission parameters in comparison with both parental strains. Three groups with six pigs in each were inoculated with either one of the two MLV1s or with the recombinant strain; six contact pigs were then added into each inoculated group. The animals were monitored daily for 35 days post-inoculation (dpi) for clinical symptoms; blood samples and nasal swabs were collected twice a week. PRRS viral load in inoculated pigs of recombinant group was higher in serum, nasal swabs, and tonsils in comparison with both vaccine groups. The first viremic contact pig was detected as soon as 2 dpi in the recombinant group compared to 10 and 17 dpi for vaccine groups. Estimation of transmission parameters revealed fastest transmission and longest duration of infectiousness for recombinant group. Our in vivo study showed that the field recombinant strain derived from two MLV1s demonstrated high viremia, shedding and transmission capacities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,25]],"date-time":"2019-03-25T06:56:52Z","timestamp":1553497012000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["A Field Recombinant Strain Derived from Two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) Modified Live Vaccines Shows Increased Viremia and Transmission in SPF Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Julie","family":"Eclercy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Unit\u00e9 Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8329-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Renson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Unit\u00e9 Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Institut du Porc (IFIP), 5 Rue Lespagnol, 75020 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Lebret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porc.Spective, Groupe v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Ch\u00eane Vert Conseil, ZA de Goh\u00e9l\u00e8ve, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Hirchaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Anses, Unit\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Virale et Bios\u00e9curit\u00e9, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Normand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Porc.Spective, Groupe v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Ch\u00eane Vert Conseil, ZA de Goh\u00e9l\u00e8ve, 56920 Noyal-Pontivy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2891-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Andraud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Anses, Unit\u00e9 Epid\u00e9miologie et Bien-\u00eatre Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Paboeuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Anses, Service de Production de Porcs Assainis et Exp\u00e9rimentation, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannick","family":"Blanchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Anses, Unit\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9tique Virale et Bios\u00e9curit\u00e9, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"},{"name":"Anses, Unit\u00e9 Epid\u00e9miologie et Bien-\u00eatre Porcins, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Bourry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agence Nationale de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire de l\u2019Alimentation, de l\u2019Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Unit\u00e9 Virologie Immunologie Porcines, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Bretagne Loire, Cit\u00e9 internationale, 1 place Paul Ricoeur, CS 54417, 35044 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"305","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: Ten years of experience (1986\u20131996) with this undesirable viral infection","volume":"28","author":"Albina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2017.04.006","article-title":"Cost of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus at individual farm level\u2014An economic disease model","volume":"142","author":"Nathues","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1865-1682.2011.01291.x","article-title":"Emerging and re-emerging swine viruses","volume":"59","author":"Meng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.016","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2017.11.005","article-title":"Reproductive effects of arteriviruses: Equine arteritis virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infections","volume":"27","author":"Balasuriya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0910-6","article-title":"The prevalent status and genetic diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China: A molecular epidemiological perspective","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-2-307","article-title":"North American and European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses differ in non-structural protein coding regions","volume":"80","author":"Allende","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.06.025","article-title":"Comparative pathogenicity of type 1 and type 2 isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a young pig infection model","volume":"154","author":"Segales","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01635","article-title":"Improved Vaccine against PRRSV: Current Progress and Future Perspective","volume":"8","author":"Nan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v1.i1.23","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines: Immunogenicity, efficacy and safety aspects","volume":"1","author":"Charerntantanakul","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.012","article-title":"PRRSV structure, replication and recombination: Origin of phenotype and genotype diversity","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Kappes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.08.015","article-title":"The ever-expanding diversity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"154","author":"Murtaugh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-013-3431-z","article-title":"Overview: Replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"51","author":"Yun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2614","article-title":"Why do RNA viruses recombine?","volume":"9","author":"Holmes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.056341-0","article-title":"Arterivirus molecular biology and pathogenesis","volume":"94","author":"Snijder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12852","article-title":"A natural recombinant PRRSV between HP-PRRSV JXA1-like and NADC30-like strains","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.017","article-title":"Recombination in JXA1-R vaccine and NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"204","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-013-0892-4","article-title":"Two natural recombinant highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with different pathogenicities","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.09.018","article-title":"Pathogenicity of a newly emerged recombined porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain (subgenotype III) in China","volume":"210","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1512.090390","article-title":"Recombination in vaccine and circulating strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9543","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01341-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of a novel variant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strain: Evidence for recombination between vaccine and wild-type PRRSV strains","volume":"86","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0735-3","article-title":"Emergence of mosaic recombinant strains potentially associated with vaccine JXA1-R and predominant circulating strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in different provinces of China","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050409","article-title":"Sequence analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus of the American type collected from Danish swine herds","volume":"143","author":"Madsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.016","article-title":"A recombinant type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between NADC30-like and a MLV-like: Genetic characterization and pathogenicity for piglets","volume":"54","author":"Bian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.11.016","article-title":"Re-emerging of porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (lineage 3) and increased pathogenicity after genomic recombination with vaccine variant","volume":"175","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.011","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus: Genetic diversity of recent British isolates","volume":"162","author":"Frossard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.024","article-title":"Whole genome characterization of a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolate: Genetic evidence for recombination between Amervac vaccine and circulating strains in mainland China","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00454-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00454-17","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain from Two Genotype 1 Modified Live Virus Vaccine Strains","volume":"5","author":"Renson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"OIE (2015). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome. Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals, OIE."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-43-69","article-title":"Infectiousness of pigs infected by the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) is time-dependent","volume":"43","author":"Charpin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.03.040","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSv) modified-live vaccine reduces virus transmission in experimental conditions","volume":"33","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2008.0038","article-title":"Differences in clinical disease and immune response of pigs challenged with a high-dose versus low-dose inoculum of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"21","author":"Loving","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haiwick, G., Hermann, J., Roof, M., Fergen, B., Philips, R., and Patterson, A. (2018). Examination of viraemia and clinical signs after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV strain in PRRS Type 2 MLV vaccinated pigs: A challenge-dose study. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209784"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-44-115","article-title":"Safety of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Modified Live Virus (MLV) vaccine strains in a young pig infection model","volume":"44","author":"Segales","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.07.015","article-title":"Effects of two commercial European modified-live vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses in pregnant gilts","volume":"172","author":"Scortti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4750","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4750-4763.2002","article-title":"Evolution of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during sequential passages in pigs","volume":"76","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Murtaugh, M.P. (2012, January 15\u201318). Use and interpretation of sequencing in PRRSv control programs. Proceedings of the Veterinary Continuing Education, Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, St. Paul, MN, USA."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00053-X","article-title":"Heterologous challenge with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) vaccine virus: No evidence of reactivation of previous European-type PRRS virus infection","volume":"68","author":"Botner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1999.60.03.334","article-title":"Identification and clinical assessment of suspected vaccine-related field strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"60","author":"Mengeling","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/3\/296\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:40:12Z","timestamp":1760186412000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/3\/296"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v11030296"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11030296","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,23]]}}}