{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T20:53:20Z","timestamp":1790888000248,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]],"date-time":"2019-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["179260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["179260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza viruses are notorious pathogens that frequently cross the species barrier with often severe consequences for both animal and human health. In 2011, a novel member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, Influenza D virus (IDV), was identified in the respiratory tract of swine. Epidemiological surveys revealed that IDV is distributed worldwide among livestock and that IDV-directed antibodies are detected in humans with occupational exposure to livestock. To identify the transmission capability of IDV to humans, we determined the viral replication kinetics and cell tropism using an in vitro respiratory epithelium model of humans. The inoculation of IDV revealed efficient replication kinetics and apical progeny virus release at different body temperatures. Intriguingly, the replication characteristics of IDV revealed higher replication kinetics compared to Influenza C virus, despite sharing the cell tropism preference for ciliated cells. Collectively, these results might indicate why IDV-directed antibodies are detected among humans with occupational exposure to livestock.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11040377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,25]],"date-time":"2019-04-25T03:02:59Z","timestamp":1556161379000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Determining the Replication Kinetics and Cellular Tropism of Influenza D Virus on Primary Well-Differentiated Human Airway Epithelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-7793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melle","family":"Holwerda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Laloli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"St\u00fcrmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmine","family":"Portmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0763-6469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanspeter","family":"Stalder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0320-2743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Dijkman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelh\u00e4usern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Infectious diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003176","article-title":"Isolation of a Novel Swine Influenza Virus from Oklahoma in 2011 Which Is Distantly Related to Human Influenza C Viruses","volume":"9","author":"Hause","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00031-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00031-14","article-title":"Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family","volume":"5","author":"Hause","year":"2014","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12012-3","article-title":"Influenza D in Italy: towards a better understanding of an emerging viral 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