{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:15:18Z","timestamp":1792012518522,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]],"date-time":"2019-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian academic excellence project \u201c5\u2013100\u201d","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polio and enterovirus surveillance may include a number of approaches, including incidence-based observation, a sentinel physician system, environmental monitoring and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance. The relative value of these methods is widely debated. Here we summarized the results of 14 years of environmental surveillance at four sewage treatment plants of various capacities in Moscow, Russia. A total of 5450 samples were screened, yielding 1089 (20.0%) positive samples. There were 1168 viruses isolated including types 1\u20133 polioviruses (43%) and 29 different types of non-polio enteroviruses (51%). Despite using the same methodology, a significant variation in detection rates was observed between the treatment plants and within the same facility over time. The number of poliovirus isolates obtained from sewage was roughly 60 times higher than from AFP surveillance over the same time frame. All except one poliovirus isolate were Sabin-like polioviruses. The one isolate was vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 with 17.6% difference from the corresponding Sabin strain, suggesting long-term circulation outside the scope of the surveillance. For some non-polio enterovirus types (e.g., Echovirus 6) there was a good correlation between detection in sewage and incidence of clinical cases in a given year, while other types (e.g., Echovirus 30) could cause large outbreaks and be almost absent in sewage samples. Therefore, sewage monitoring can be an important part of enterovirus surveillance, but cannot substitute other approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,9]],"date-time":"2019-05-09T11:22:35Z","timestamp":1557400955000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses: Long-Term Experience in Moscow, Russian Federation, 2004\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1784-4827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga E.","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Centre for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (FSBSI \u201cChumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria S.","family":"Yarmolskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budget Institution of Health of Rospotrebnadzor \u201cCenter for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow\u201d, Moscow 129626, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana P.","family":"Eremeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Centre for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (FSBSI \u201cChumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina M.","family":"Babkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Budget Institution of Health of Rospotrebnadzor \u201cCenter for Hygiene and Epidemiology in Moscow\u201d, Moscow 129626, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga Y.","family":"Baykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Centre for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (FSBSI \u201cChumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyudmila V.","family":"Akhmadishina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr Y.","family":"Krasota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Centre for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (FSBSI \u201cChumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119899 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liubov I.","family":"Kozlovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution \u201cChumakov Federal Scientific Centre for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences\u201d (FSBSI \u201cChumakov FSC R&amp;D IBP RAS\u201d), 108819 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander N.","family":"Lukashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu384","article-title":"Environmental Surveillance for Polioviruses in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative","volume":"210","author":"Asghar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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