{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T21:30:45Z","timestamp":1780090245505,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1557878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81871650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81871650"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31630086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31630086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"undefined  &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray;font-size:10px;&quot;&gt;undefined&lt;\/span&gt;","award":["2017CFA022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017CFA022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The matrix (M) proteins of paramyxoviruses bind to the nucleocapsids and cytoplasmic tails of glycoproteins, thus mediating the assembly and budding of virions. We first determined the budding characterization of the HPIV3 Fusion (F) protein to investigate the assembly mechanism of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Our results show that expression of the HPIV3 F protein alone is sufficient to initiate the release of virus-like particles (VLPs), and the F protein can regulate the VLP-forming ability of the M protein. Furthermore, HPIV3F-Flag, which is a recombinant HPIV3 with a Flag tag at the C-terminus of the F protein, was constructed and recovered. We found that the M, F, and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins and the viral genome can accumulate in lipid rafts in HPIV3F-Flag-infected cells, and the F protein mainly exists in the form of F1 in VLPs, lipid rafts, and purified virions. Furthermore, the function of cholesterol in the viral envelope and cell membrane was assessed via the elimination of cholesterol by methyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (M\u03b2CD). Our results suggest that the infectivity of HPIV3 was markedly reduced, due to defective internalization ability in the absence of cholesterol. These results reveal that HPIV3 might assemble in the lipid rafts to acquire cholesterol for the envelope of HPIV3, which suggests the that disruption of the cholesterol composition of HPIV3 virions might be a useful method for the design of anti-HPIV3 therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11050438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]],"date-time":"2019-05-15T11:37:40Z","timestamp":1557920260000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Virion-Associated Cholesterol Regulates the Infection of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 3"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qiaopeng","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-9014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5308-6897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingzhou","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.4.2383-2392.2005","article-title":"Influence of the human parainfluenza virus 3 attachment protein\u2019s neuraminidase activity on its capacity to activate the fusion protein","volume":"79","author":"Porotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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