{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:28:21Z","timestamp":1792024101082,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01EI1702A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01EI1702A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010771","name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Landwirtschaft und Ern\u00e4hrung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["28-1-91.048-15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["28-1-91.048-15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The continuous circulation of West Nile virus (WNV) in Central, South and East Europe and its recent detection in several dead birds and two horses in Germany highlights the need for information on WNV vector competence of mosquitoes from Central Europe. Therefore, three common Culex species (Culex pipiens biotype pipiens, Culex pipiens biotype molestus and Culex torrentium) from Germany were orally infected with WNV and kept at 18 \u00b0C, 21 \u00b0C, 24 \u00b0C or 27 \u00b0C for 14 or 21 days post infection (dpi). Thereafter viable WNV was present in the saliva in all tested taxa, but only at incubation temperatures of 24 \u00b0C or 27 \u00b0C and predominantly at the extended incubation period of 21 dpi. Highest transmission efficiency rates of 17 % (24 \u00b0C) and 24% (27 \u00b0C) were found for Cx. torrentium. Culex p. pipiens and Cx. p. molestus showed low transmission efficiencies with a maximum of only 3%. Consequently, temperatures above 21 \u00b0C support transmission of WNV, which matches the predominant distribution of human WNV cases around the Mediterranean Sea and in South-East Europe. Culex torrentium has been identified as a potent vector for WNV in Central and Northern Europe, which highlights the need for surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses north of the Alps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]],"date-time":"2019-05-29T11:31:28Z","timestamp":1559129488000},"page":"492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Culex torrentium: A Potent Vector for the Transmission of West Nile Virus in Central Europe"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9584-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Heitmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renke","family":"L\u00fchken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayke","family":"Leggewie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Helms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlis","family":"Badusche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Entomology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giada","family":"Rossini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Microbiology, Regional Reference Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola Malpighi Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Schmidt-Chanasit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arbovirology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University of Hamburg, 22609 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egbert","family":"Tannich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Infection Diagnostics Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-70-1-37","article-title":"Antigenic relationships between flaviviruses as determined by cross-neutralization tests with polyclonal antisera","volume":"70","author":"Calisher","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. 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