{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:14:16Z","timestamp":1791472456746,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]],"date-time":"2019-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFD0500106-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFD0500106-3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Shandong Mount Tai Industry Leadership Talent Project","award":["LJNY201610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJNY201610"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAdV-4) is the pathogenic agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) in chickens and ducks, which has caused huge economic losses for the Chinese poultry industry since 2015. In order to objectively determine the prevalence and co-infection status of the virus in Shandong province in China, we analyzed a total of 679 clinical cases of chickens and ducks from 36 farms in the province. The results showed that the FAdV-4 infection rate was 65.2% (443\/679), and the rate in breeder ducks was almost two-fold higher than that in breeder chickens (68.57% vs. 34.30%). Notably, co-infection by H9N2 avian influenza virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and\/or chicken infectious anemia virus was very common in the 443 FAdV-4-positive cases. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis of the hexon genes of four Shandong FAdV-4 isolates revealed that these strains clustered into Indian reference strains, indicating that the Shandong FAdV-4 strains might have originated in India. These findings provide the first data on the prevalence and co-infection status of FAdV-4 in Shandong province, which may serve as a foundation for the prevention of FAdV-4 in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,6]],"date-time":"2019-06-06T03:38:01Z","timestamp":1559792281000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Prevalence of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 and Co-Infection by Immunosuppressive Viruses in Fowl with Hydropericardium Hepatitis Syndrome in Shandong Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-0299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guanliu","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanguo","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youxiang","family":"Diao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Tai\u2019an 271018, Shandong Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450050045440","article-title":"Detection and differentiation of avian adenoviruses: a review","volume":"29","author":"Hess","year":"2000","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001652086","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of fowl adenoviruses","volume":"33","author":"Meulemans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01214","article-title":"Molecular characterization of fowl adenoviruses isolated from chickens with gizzard 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