{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T16:36:49Z","timestamp":1771605409747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]],"date-time":"2019-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Diverse viral infections have been associated with myocarditis (MC) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In this meta-analysis, we summarize the published results on the association of parvovirus B19 (B19V) genomes with human MC\/DCM versus controls. Methods: n = 197 publications referring to B19V and MC or DCM were retrieved using multiple PubMed search modes. Out of these, n = 29 publications met the inclusion criteria with data from prospective analyses on &gt;10 unselected patients presenting with MC or DCM (dataset: MA01). Data retrieved simultaneously from both controls and MC\/DCM patients were available from n = 8 from these publications (dataset: MA02). Results: In the dataset MA01 B19V genomes were detected in 42.6% of the endomyocardial biopsies (EMB) in this cohort by PCR. In the dataset MA02 comprising n = 638 subjects, there was no statistically significant different rate of B19V positivity in myocardial tissues comparing controls (mean: 38.8 + 24.1%) versus the MC\/DCM-patients (45.5 + 24.3%; p = 0.58). There was also no statistical difference between the positivity rate of B19V genomes in myocardial tissues of MA01 (46.0 + 19.5%) and the two patient groups of MA02 (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: This systematic review reveals that the mean rate of PCR detected B19V genomes in patients presenting with MC\/DCM does not differ significantly from the findings in control myocardial tissues. These data imply pathogenetically insignificant latency of B19V genomes in a proportion of myocardial tissues, both in MC-\/DCM-patients and in controls. More information (i.e., replicative status, viral protein expression) is pertinent to achieve a comprehensive workup of myocardial B19V infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T02:42:46Z","timestamp":1560912166000},"page":"566","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Systematic Review of PCR Proof of Parvovirus B19 Genomes in Endomyocardial Biopsies of Patients Presenting with Myocarditis or Dilated Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Angelos G.","family":"Rigopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine III (KIM-III), Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle-Wittenberg, Mid-German Heart Center, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Stra\u00dfe 40, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Klutt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Helios Hospital Herzberg\/Osterode, Dr.-Fr\u00f6ssel-Allee, D-37412 Herzberg am Harz, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Matiakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine III (KIM-III), Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle-Wittenberg, Mid-German Heart Center, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Stra\u00dfe 40, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Apostolou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Immunology &amp; Histocompatibility, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Mavrogeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Department of Cardiology, and National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Leoforou Andrea Siggrou 356, Kallithea, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9066-5262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Noutsias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mid-German Heart Center, Department of Internal Medicine III (KIM-III), Division of Cardiology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, University Hospital Halle-Wittenberg, Mid-German Heart Center, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Stra\u00dfe 40, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"547","article-title":"Myocarditis and pericarditis","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Tubaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"The ESC Textbook of Acute and Intensive Cardiac Care"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"499","article-title":"The fate of acute myocarditis between spontaneous improvement and evolution to dilated cardiomyopathy: A review","volume":"85","author":"Patti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.16.2124","article-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules in dilated cardiomyopathy: Evidence for endothelial activation in inflammatory cardiomyopathy","volume":"99","author":"Noutsias","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1136\/heart.84.3.245","article-title":"Myocarditis mimicking acute myocardial infarction: Role of endomyocardial biopsy in the differential diagnosis","volume":"84","author":"Angelini","year":"2000","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.548156","article-title":"Viral persistence in the myocardium is associated with progressive cardiac dysfunction","volume":"112","author":"Pauschinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.769489","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in patients with suspected myocarditis","volume":"118","author":"Kindermann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000118493.13323.81","article-title":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: A comparison to histology and molecular pathology","volume":"109","author":"Mahrholdt","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfr052","article-title":"Myocarditis as a precipitating factor for heart failure: Evaluation and 1-year follow-up using cardiovascular magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy","volume":"13","author":"Mavrogeni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2461062179","article-title":"Suspected chronic myocarditis at cardiac MR: Diagnostic accuracy and association with immunohistologically detected inflammation and viral persistence","volume":"246","author":"Gutberlet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq493","article-title":"Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: Utility or futility?","volume":"32","author":"Mahfoud","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht210","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology Working Group on M.; Pericardial, D. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: A position statement of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases","volume":"34","author":"Caforio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(03)00078-9","article-title":"Prevalence of the parvovirus B19 genome in endomyocardial biopsy specimens","volume":"34","author":"Pankuweit","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155616.07901.35","article-title":"High prevalence of viral genomes and multiple viral infections in the myocardium of adults with \u201cidiopathic\u201d left ventricular dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"Pauschinger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-017-9641-4","article-title":"The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: Current status and future outlook","volume":"22","author":"Westphal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.78.6.539","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the association of enteroviruses with human heart disease","volume":"78","author":"Baboonian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7450","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602259103","article-title":"Bioportfolio: Lifelong persistence of variant and prototypic erythrovirus DNA genomes in human tissue","volume":"103","author":"Norja","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.06.026","article-title":"Interferon-Beta improves survival in enterovirus-associated cardiomyopathy","volume":"60","author":"Kuhl","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2009.12.016","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b therapy in chronic viral dilated cardiomyopathy--is there a role for specific therapy?","volume":"16","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Card Fail."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liberati, A., Altman, D.G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P.C., Ioannidis, J.P., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P.J., Kleijnen, J., and Moher, D. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: Explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.2427\/5768"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115065","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115065","article-title":"Network meta-analysis using R: a review of currently available automated packages","volume":"9","author":"Neupane","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000085168.02782.2C","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 infection mimicking acute myocardial infarction","volume":"108","author":"Pauschinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-003-0211-0","article-title":"Frequent detection of parvovirus B19 genome in the myocardium of adult patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"193","author":"Lotze","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol. (Berl.)"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000146891.31481.CF","article-title":"Endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation of systemic arteries is impaired in patients with myocardial virus persistence","volume":"110","author":"Vallbracht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1086\/427804","article-title":"Cytomegalovirus infection of the heart is common in patients with fatal myocarditis","volume":"40","author":"Kyto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000155615.68924.B3","article-title":"High prevalence of cardiac parvovirus B19 infection in patients with isolated left ventricular diastolic dysfunction","volume":"111","author":"Bock","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.606509","article-title":"Presentation, patterns of myocardial damage, and clinical course of viral myocarditis","volume":"114","author":"Mahrholdt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.02.013","article-title":"Detection of viral genome in the myocardium: Lack of prognostic and functional relevance in patients with acute dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"153","author":"Kuethe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"CR333","article-title":"Immunohistological detection of Parvovirus B19 capsid proteins in endomyocardial biopsies from dilated cardiomyopathy patients","volume":"14","author":"Escher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"CR589","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 profiles in patients presenting with acute myocarditis and chronic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Escher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21187","article-title":"Prevalence of erythrovirus genotypes in the myocardium of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"80","author":"Lassner","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01672-08","article-title":"High prevalence of human parvovirus B19 DNA in myocardial autopsy samples from subjects without myocarditis or dilative cardiomyopathy","volume":"47","author":"Schenk","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.131383","article-title":"Coronary vasospasm as the underlying cause for chest pain in patients with PVB19 myocarditis","volume":"94","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-009-0026-2","article-title":"Myocardial inflammation and non-ischaemic heart failure: Is there a role for C-reactive protein?","volume":"104","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Basic. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.02.060","article-title":"Viral endomyocardial infection is an independent predictor and potentially treatable risk factor for graft loss and coronary vasculopathy in pediatric cardiac transplant recipients","volume":"56","author":"Moulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21821","article-title":"Low level myocardial parvovirus B19 persistence is a frequent finding in patients with heart disease but unrelated to ongoing myocardial injury","volume":"82","author":"Lotze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.22187","article-title":"Genotype-specific effects on left ventricular function in parvovirus B19-positive patients with dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"83","author":"Ruppert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.110.958249","article-title":"Myocardial parvovirus B19 persistence: Lack of association with clinicopathologic phenotype in adults with heart failure","volume":"4","author":"Stewart","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00281-12","article-title":"Differences in Virus Prevalence and Load in the Hearts of Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy with and without Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Dennert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carpath.2012.02.002","article-title":"Parvovirus B19 is a bystander in adult myocarditis","volume":"21","author":"Koepsell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjhf\/hfs027","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in endomyocardial biopsy specimens in individuals with recent-onset dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"14","author":"Kubanek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2012.07.013","article-title":"Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and persistent viral infection: Lack of association in a controlled study using a quantitative assay","volume":"21","author":"Moimas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-013-0372-y","article-title":"A distinct subgroup of cardiomyopathy patients characterized by transcriptionally active cardiotropic erythrovirus and altered cardiac gene expression","volume":"108","author":"Kuhl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951113002369","article-title":"Paediatric dilated cardiomyopathy: Clinical profile and outcome. The experience of a tertiary centre for paediatric cardiology","volume":"25","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.186093","article-title":"The role of endomyocardial biopsy in the management of cardiovascular disease: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"116","author":"Cooper","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0911362","article-title":"Human parvovirus B19-associated myocarditis","volume":"362","author":"Bock","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"51","article-title":"Coxsackievirus Induced Murine Myocarditis and Immunomodulatory Interventions","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy (DCMi)\u2014Pathogenesis and Therapy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra030840","article-title":"Parvovirus B19","volume":"350","author":"Young","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of parvovirus B19 in the German population","volume":"1","author":"Rohrer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.05.001","article-title":"Detection and quantitation of parvovirus B19","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14930","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14930","article-title":"Extinct type of human parvovirus B19 persists in tonsillar B. cells","volume":"8","author":"Pyoria","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-30822-9_5","article-title":"Parvovirus B19: The causative agent of dilated cardiomyopathy or a harmless passenger of the human myocard?","volume":"1","author":"Modrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ernst. Scher. Res. Found. Workshop"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2008.09.007","article-title":"Adaptive immune responses against parvovirus B19 in patients with myocardial disease","volume":"44","author":"Lindner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61286-5","article-title":"Evaluation of postmortem endomyocardial biopsy specimens from 38 patients with lymphocytic myocarditis: Implications for role of sampling error","volume":"64","author":"Hauck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mayo. Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"323","article-title":"Myocarditis","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Maisel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Algorithms in Heart Failure"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.924167","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of left and right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy: Differences in complication rate and diagnostic performance","volume":"122","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streitz, M., Noutsias, M., Volkmer, R., Rohde, M., Brestrich, G., Block, A., Klippert, K., Kotsch, K., Ay, B., and Hummel, M. (2008). NS1 specific CD8+ T-cells with effector function and TRBV11 dominance in a patient with parvovirus B19 associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy. PLoS ONE, 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0002361"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.01.007","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of biopsy-proven viral myocarditis: Predictors of mortality and incomplete recovery","volume":"59","author":"Grun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2010.205542","article-title":"Use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance for risk stratification in chronic heart failure: Prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement in patients with non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"97","author":"Lehrke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000443375","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Viral Genome Persistence in the Myocardium of Patients with Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"58","author":"Koziel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw128","article-title":"Authors\/Task Force, M. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC","volume":"37","author":"Ponikowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-016-0986-9","article-title":"Betaferon in chronic viral cardiomyopathy (BICC) trial: Effects of interferon-beta treatment in patients with chronic viral cardiomyopathy","volume":"105","author":"Schultheiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP1516","article-title":"Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy and endomyocardial biopsy-proven high PVB19 viral load","volume":"15","author":"Dennert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-017-4562-5","article-title":"Transcatheter vs. surgical aortic valve replacement and medical treatment: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized trials","volume":"43","author":"Ak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herz"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/6\/566\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:59:23Z","timestamp":1760187563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/6\/566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v11060566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11060566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,18]]}}}