{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T00:34:48Z","timestamp":1792542888094,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31672591"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672591"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"\u201cAcademic Backbone\u201d Project of Northeast Agricultural University Scholar Program","award":["18XG24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18XG24"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2017YFD0501105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0501105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bovine viral diarrhea caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important disease in cattle, resulting in significant economic losses to the cattle industry worldwide. In order to develop an effective vaccine against BVDV infection, we constructed a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting oral probiotic vaccine (pPG-E2-DCpep\/LC W56) using Lactobacillus casei as antigen delivery carrier to express BVDV glycoprotein E2 fused with DC-targeting peptide, and the immunogenicity of orally administered probiotic vaccine was evaluated in mice model. Our results showed that after immunization with the probiotic vaccine, significantly levels of antigen-specific sera IgG and mucosal sIgA antibodies (p &lt; 0.05) with BVDV-neutralizing activity were induced in vivo. Challenge experiment showed that pPG-E2-DCpep\/LC W56 can provide effective immune protection against BVDV, and BVDV could be effectively cleared from the intestine of immunized mice post-challenge. Moreover, the pPG-E2-DCpep\/LC W56 could efficiently activate DCs in the intestinal Peyer\u2019s patches, and significantly levels of lymphoproliferative responses, Th1-associated IFN-\u03b3, and Th2-associated IL-4 were observed in mice immunized with pPG-E2-DCpep\/LC W56 (p &lt; 0.01). Our results clearly demonstrate that the probiotic vaccine could efficiently induce anti-BVDV mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses via oral immunization, indicating a promising strategy for the development of oral vaccine against BVDV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11060575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]],"date-time":"2019-06-25T10:52:31Z","timestamp":1561459951000},"page":"575","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Dendritic Cell Targeting of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus E2 Protein Expressed by Lactobacillus casei Effectively Induces Antigen-Specific Immune Responses via Oral Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baohua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yigang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China"},{"name":"Northeastern Science Inspection Station, China Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Biology, Harbin 150030, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(00)00082-8","article-title":"The effects of bovine viral diarrhoea virus on cattle reproduction in relation to disease control","volume":"60","author":"Fray","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2012.07.005","article-title":"Serological and virological BVDV prevalence and risk factor analysis for herds to be BVDV seropositive in Belgian cattle herds","volume":"108","author":"Sarrazin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2016.026","article-title":"Prevalence of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in cattle farms in hungary","volume":"64","author":"Lang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta. Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1118-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infection in yaks (Bos grunniens) in northwest China","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32831-2","article-title":"A meta-analysis of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) prevalences in the global cattle population","volume":"8","author":"Roch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2012.07.002","article-title":"Molecular biology of bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"41","author":"Neill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1994.1620","article-title":"Segregation of bovine viral diarrhea virus into genotypes","volume":"205","author":"Ridpath","year":"1994","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-014-1132-2","article-title":"Increased genetic diversity of BVDV-1: Recent findings and implications thereof","volume":"50","author":"Giammarioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12592","article-title":"Evidence for circulation of bovine viral diarrhoea virus type 2c in ruminants in southern Italy","volume":"64","author":"Decaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813520250","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea virus infections: Manifestations of infection and recent advances in understanding pathogenesis and control","volume":"51","author":"Brodersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"S31","article-title":"BVDV control and eradication in Europe-an update","volume":"60","author":"Alenius","year":"2012","journal-title":"JPN. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00270-3","article-title":"Principles for eradication of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) infections in cattle populations","volume":"64","author":"Lindberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870601800501","article-title":"Test strategies in bovine viral diarrhea virus control and eradication campaigns in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Houe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.25.3.1703","article-title":"The control of bovine viral diarrhoea virus in Europe: Today and in the future","volume":"25","author":"Lindberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-65-12","article-title":"Predicted costs and benefits of eradicating BVDV from Ireland","volume":"65","author":"Stott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Irish Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12208","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (\u2018pestivirus\u2019) in Australia: To control or not to control?","volume":"92","author":"Lanyon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026064603630","article-title":"Experimental infection of calves with bovine viral diarrhoea virus type-2 (bvdv-2) isolated from a contaminated vaccine","volume":"27","author":"Falcone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0450.2002.00589.x","article-title":"Changes in distribution and numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes in lymphoid tissues and intestinal mucosa in the early phase of experimentally induced early onset mucosal disease in cattle","volume":"49","author":"Frink","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. B Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02738.x","article-title":"Construction of recombinant Lactobacillus casei efficiently surface displayed and secreted porcine parvovirus VP2 protein and comparison of the immune responses induced by oral immunization","volume":"124","author":"Xu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00127-15","article-title":"Immunogenicity in swine of orally administered recombinant Lactobacillus plantarum expressing classical swine fever virus E2 protein in conjunction with thymosin \u03b1-1 as an adjuvant","volume":"81","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.13352","article-title":"Immunogenicity of recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing F4 (K88) fimbrial adhesin FaeG in conjunction with a heat-labile enterotoxin A (LTAK 63) and heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli as an oral adjuvant in mice","volume":"122","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Wang, L., Ma, S., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y., Jiang, Y., Qiao, X., Tang, L., and Xu, Y. (2017). Immunogenicity of eGFP-marked recombinant Lactobacillus casei against transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9100274"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wang, L., Huang, X., Ma, S., Yu, M., Shi, W., Qiao, X., Tang, L., Xu, Y., and Li, Y. (2017). Oral delivery of probiotics expressing dendritic cell-targeting peptide fused with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus COE antigen: A promising vaccine strategy against PEDV. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110312"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-018-0861-7","article-title":"Oral recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine targeting the intestinal microfold cells and dendritic cells for delivering the core neutralizing epitope of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-022510-133640","article-title":"Mucosal vaccination and therapy with genetically modified lactic acid bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Wells","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2013.06.013","article-title":"New generation of oral mucosal vaccines targeting dendritic cells","volume":"17","author":"Owen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4331","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900029106","article-title":"Dendritic cell targeting of Bacillus anthracis protective antigen expressed by Lactobacillus acidophilus protects mice from lethal challenge","volume":"106","author":"Mohamadzadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(97)00125-4","article-title":"A subunit vaccine based on glycoprotein E2 of bovine virus diarrhea virus induces fetal protection in sheep against homologous challenge","volume":"15","author":"Bruschke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3137","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-12-3137","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle with a DNA plasmid encoding the bovine viral diarrhoea virus major glycoprotein E2","volume":"80","author":"Harpin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00291-0","article-title":"Expression of the E2 envelope glycoprotein of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) elicits virus-type specific neutralising antibodies","volume":"65","author":"Toth","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4226","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00157-8","article-title":"Cytokine adjuvancy of BVDV DNA vaccine enhances both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice","volume":"19","author":"Nobiron","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1006\/jsre.1997.5111","article-title":"Mechanism of intestinal mucosal immune dysfunction following trauma-hemorrhage: Increased apoptosis associated with elevated Fas expression in Peyer\u2019s patches","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2008.10.013","article-title":"The influence of Peyer\u2019s patch apoptosis on intestinal mucosal immunity in burned mice","volume":"35","author":"Fan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0502.x","article-title":"Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus in ruminants","volume":"24","author":"Walz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.04.003","article-title":"Vaccination of cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"206","author":"Newcomer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.01.012","article-title":"Bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) eradication in Switzerland-Experiences of the first two years","volume":"99","author":"Presi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101814","article-title":"Development and review of the voluntary phase of a national BVD eradication programme in Ireland","volume":"174","author":"Graham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103329","article-title":"Difficulties arising from the variety of testing schemes used for bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)","volume":"178","author":"Duncan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-8","article-title":"A bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1a strain in China: Isolation, identification, and experimental infection in calves","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-015-0313-6","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria: Reviewing the potential of a promising delivery live vector for biomedical purposes","volume":"14","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0448-0","article-title":"Evaluation of novel inducible promoter\/repressor systems for recombinant protein expression in Lactobacillus plantarum","volume":"15","author":"Heiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.65.1.351-354.1999","article-title":"Persistence of colonization of human colonic mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, after oral consumption","volume":"65","author":"Alander","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7041","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00436-07","article-title":"Induction of immune responses in mice after intragastric administration of Lactobacillus casei producing porcine parvovirus VP2 protein","volume":"73","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2004.10.012","article-title":"Oral immunoadjuvant activity of a newsymbiotic Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei in conjunction with dextran in BALB\/cmice","volume":"25","author":"Ogawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-11-149","article-title":"Impact of 4 Lactobacillus plantarum capsular polysaccharide clusters on surface glycan composition and host cell signaling","volume":"11","author":"Remus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.05.076","article-title":"Recombinant Lactobacillus casei expressing Clostridium perfringens toxoids \u03b1, \u03b22, \u03b5 and \u03b21 gives protection against Clostridium perfringens in rabbits","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8579-8","article-title":"Nisin-induced expression of recombinant T cell epitopes of major Japanese cedar pollen allergens in Lactococcus lactis","volume":"102","author":"Hoang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2019.1582975","article-title":"Oral immunization of mice with a probiotic Lactobacillus casei constitutively expressing the \u03b1-toxoid induces protective immunity against Clostridium perfringens \u03b1-toxin","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-015-2412-4","article-title":"Experimental infection of mice with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"160","author":"Seong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1030-7","article-title":"Experimental infection of mice with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 increases the number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.10.012","article-title":"Vaccination with a modified-live bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1a vaccine completely protected calves against challenge with BVDV type 1b strains","volume":"29","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.4.567","article-title":"Valuation of the onset of protection induced by a modified-live virus vaccine in calves challenge inoculated with type 1b bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"73","author":"Palomares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/6\/575\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:01:00Z","timestamp":1760187660000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/6\/575"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["v11060575"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11060575","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,25]]}}}