{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:19:21Z","timestamp":1793031561877,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/00001759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/00001759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L018853\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L018853\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/S013792\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/S013792\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/N002571\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/N002571\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>H9N2 avian influenza viruses have become globally widespread in poultry over the last two decades and represent a genuine threat both to the global poultry industry but also humans through their high rates of zoonotic infection and pandemic potential. H9N2 viruses are generally hyperendemic in affected countries and have been found in poultry in many new regions in recent years. In this review, we examine the current global spread of H9N2 avian influenza viruses as well as their host range, tropism, transmission routes and the risk posed by these viruses to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11070620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]],"date-time":"2019-07-05T11:44:16Z","timestamp":1562327056000},"page":"620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":256,"title":["A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"T(homas). P.","family":"Peacock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9673-3684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"Section of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8466-9358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua E.","family":"Sealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"},{"name":"Royal Veterinary College, London NW1 0TU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5165-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Munir","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Avian Influenza Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.01.010","article-title":"Bat-derived influenza-like viruses H17N10 and H18N11","volume":"22","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.080231","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus a (H7N3) in domestic poultry, saskatchewan, Canada, 2007","volume":"15","author":"Berhane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. 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