{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T15:38:55Z","timestamp":1767109135417,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SALUD-2010-01-141409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SALUD-2010-01-141409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes Chikungunya fever. CHIKV entered Mexico through the state of Chiapas in October 2014. To fully understand the Chikungunya fever outbreak that occurred in southern Chiapas during 2015, we evaluated 22 PCR-confirmed CHIKV-positive patients, identified CHIKV genetic variability, reconstructed viral dispersal, and assessed possible viral mutations. Viruses were isolated and E2, 6K, and E1 genes were sequenced. We applied phylogenetic and phylogeographic approaches, modeled mutations, and estimated selective pressure. Different CHIKV strains circulated in Chiapas during summer 2015. Three isolates grouped themselves in a well-supported clade. Estimates show that the outbreak started in Ciudad Hidalgo and posteriorly dispersed towards Tapachula and neighboring municipalities. We found six non-synonymous mutations in our isolates. Two mutations occurred in one isolate and the remaining mutations occurred in single isolates. Mutations E2 T116I and E2 K221R changed the protein surface in contact with the host cell receptors. We could not find positive selected sites in our CHIKV sequences from southern Chiapas. This is the first viral phylogeographic reconstruction in Mexico characterizing the CHIKV outbreak in southern Chiapas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11080714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]],"date-time":"2019-08-05T11:17:47Z","timestamp":1565003867000},"page":"714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic Variability of Chikungunya Virus in Southern Mexico"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kame A.","family":"Galan-Huerta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Francisco I. Madero S\/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viviana C.","family":"Zomosa-Signoret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Francisco I. Madero S\/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-0830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rom\u00e1n","family":"Vidaltamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas. Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Monterrey, Av. Morones Prieto No. 4500 pte, San Pedro Garza Garc\u00eda, Nuevo Leon 64238, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Caballero-Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cl\u00ednica Hospital Dr. Roberto Nettel Flores, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Av. Tuxtepec y Oaxaca S\/N, Francisco Villa, Tapachula, Chiapas 30740, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ildefonso","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Salas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Regional de Investigaci\u00f3n en Salud Publica, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica 4a Avenida Norte, esquina con calle 19 poniente S\/N, Centro, Tapachula, Chiapas 30700, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Pedro de Alba S\/N, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon 66455, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Ramos-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Infectologia\u2014Hospital Universitario Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Francisco I. Madero and Eduardo Aguirre Peque\u00f1o S\/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana M.","family":"Rivas-Estilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica y Medicina Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Leon, Av. Francisco I. Madero S\/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon 64460, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1406035","article-title":"Chikungunya Virus and the Global Spread of a Mosquito-Borne Disease","volume":"372","author":"Weaver","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection: An overview","volume":"36","author":"Caglioti","year":"2013","journal-title":"New Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2368","article-title":"Biology and pathogenesis of chikungunya virus","volume":"8","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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