{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T10:14:43Z","timestamp":1777112083232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,25]],"date-time":"2019-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1566691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistence is at the basis of HBV reactivation as a consequence of chemotherapy and immunosuppressive treatments. The identification of early viral replication indicators and markers of effective HBV immunological control would be useful in monitoring patients who are at risk of potential viral reactivation during the course of immunosuppressive treatment. Currently, international guidelines have shared some criteria to identify patients with a low, medium or high risk of HBV reactivation; however, permanently placing a patient in a definitive category is not always easy. More often, patients move from one category to another during the course of their immunosuppressive treatment; therefore, in many cases, there are no precise indicators or tools for monitoring possible reactivation and establishing the duration and suspension of antiviral prophylaxis. Historically, the sequence of HBV antigens and antibodies and HBV DNA levels has been used to evaluate the different stages of the acute and chronic phases of an HBV infection. In the last few years, new biomarkers, such as anti-HBs and anti-HBc titres, HBV core-related antigen (HBcrAg), ultra-sensitive HBsAg evaluation and HBV RNA, have been used in patients with an HBV infection to evaluate their diagnostic and prognostic potential. The aim of this review is to evaluate the published results on the use of new infection markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of HBV reactivation over the course of immunosuppressive treatments. Moreover, the importance of viral genotypic studies was emphasized, given the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of the mutational profiles of HBsAg during the HBV reactivation phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,26]],"date-time":"2019-08-26T04:38:23Z","timestamp":1566794303000},"page":"783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["New Markers in Monitoring the Reactivation of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Immunocompromised Hosts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2377-504X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Svicher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2488-2082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romina","family":"Salpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Malagnino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3500-0858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Piermatteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0085-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9060-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta","family":"Cerva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1452-0333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loredana","family":"Sarmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2006.05.013","article-title":"The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide","volume":"45","author":"Perz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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