{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1788583277877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]],"date-time":"2019-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2016YFD0201004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0201004"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31401710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31401710"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ningnanmycin (NNM) belongs to microbial pesticides that display comprehensive antiviral activity against plant viruses. NNM treatment has been shown to efficiently delay or suppress the disease symptoms caused by tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection in local-inoculated or systemic-uninoculated tobacco leaves, respectively. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of NNM-mediated antiviral activity remains to be further elucidated. In this study, 414 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 383 which were up-regulated and 31 down-regulated, caused by NNM treatment in TMV-infected BY-2 protoplasts, were discovered by RNA-seq. In addition, KEGG analysis indicated significant enrichment of DEGs in the plant\u2013pathogen interaction and MAPK signaling pathway. The up-regulated expression of crucial DEGs, including defense-responsive genes, such as the receptor-like kinase FLS2, RLK1, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MAPKKK, calcium signaling genes, such as the calcium-binding protein CML19, as well as phytohormone responsive genes, such as the WRKY transcription factors WRKY40 and WRKY70, were confirmed by RT-qPCR. These findings provided valuable insights into the antiviral mechanisms of NNM, which indicated that the agent induces tobacco systemic resistance against TMV via activating multiple plant defense signaling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,4]],"date-time":"2019-09-04T08:28:13Z","timestamp":1567585693000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular Regulation of Host Defense Responses Mediated by Biological Anti-TMV Agent Ningnanmycin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6187-6984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mengnan","family":"An","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanhua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2295-9","article-title":"A Top Ten list for economically important plant viruses","volume":"160","author":"Rybicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. virol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"2139","article-title":"Immune receptors and co-receptors in antiviral innate immunity in plants","volume":"7","author":"Gouveia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. 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