{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:44:18Z","timestamp":1777589058527,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With the emergence of drug-resistant strains of influenza A viruses (IAV), new antivirals are needed to supplement the existing counter measures against IAV infection. We have previously shown that brevilin A, a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from C. minima, suppresses the infection of influenza A\/PR\/8\/34 (H1N1) in vitro. Here, we further investigate the antiviral activity and mode of action of brevilin A against different IAV subtypes. Brevilin A inhibited the replication of influenza A H1N1, H3N2, and H9N2 viruses in vitro. The suppression effect of brevilin A was observed as early as 4\u20138 hours post infection (hpi). Furthermore, we determined that brevilin A inhibited viral replication in three aspects, including viral RNA (vRNA) synthesis, expression of viral mRNA, and protein encoded from the M and NS segments, and nuclear export of viral ribonucleoproteins (vRNPs). The anti-IAV activity of brevilin A was further confirmed in mice. A delayed time-to-death with 50% surviving up to 14 days post infection was obtained with brevilin A (at a dose of 25 mg\/kg) treated animals compared to the control cohorts. Together, these results are encouraging for the exploration of sesquiterpene lactones with similar structure to brevilin A as potential anti-influenza therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T04:12:40Z","timestamp":1568002360000},"page":"835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Brevilin A, a Sesquiterpene Lactone, Inhibits the Replication of Influenza A Virus In Vitro and In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8336-4587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiping","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaolan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.118","article-title":"The evolution of seasonal influenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Petrova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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