{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T13:47:49Z","timestamp":1793800069596,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]],"date-time":"2019-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1568678400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"McLaughlin Endowment","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0229evh14","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The unprecedented outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection in the Americas from 2015 to 2017 prompted the publication of a large body of vector competence data in a relatively short period of time. Although differences in vector competence as a result of disparities in mosquito populations and viral strains are to be expected, the limited competence of many populations of the urban mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, from the Americas (when its susceptibility is viewed relative to other circulating\/reemerging mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue (DENV), yellow fever (YFV), and chikungunya viruses (CHIKV)) has proven a paradox for the field. This has been further complicated by the lack of standardization in the methodologies utilized in laboratory vector competence experiments, precluding meta-analyses of this large data set. As the calls for the standardization of such studies continue to grow in number, it is critical to examine the elements of vector competence experimental design. Herein, we review the various techniques and considerations intrinsic to vector competence studies, with respect to contemporary findings for ZIKV, as well as historical findings for other arboviruses, and discuss potential avenues of standardization going forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T04:50:21Z","timestamp":1569214221000},"page":"867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Vector Competence: What Has Zika Virus Taught Us?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9182-216X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha R.","family":"Azar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8016-8556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, 300 University Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90042-4","article-title":"Zika Virus (I). Isolations and Serologic Specificity","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(52)90043-6","article-title":"Zika Virus (II) Pathogenicity and Physical Properties","volume":"46","author":"Dick","year":"1952","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(56)90090-6","article-title":"Zika Virus Infection Experimentally Induced in a Human Volunteer","volume":"50","author":"Bearcroft","year":"1956","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0082-5","article-title":"Re-visiting the evolution, dispersal and epidemiology of Zika virus in Asia","volume":"7","author":"Pettersson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30010-X","article-title":"Zika virus: History of a newly emerging arbovirus","volume":"16","author":"Wikan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjtm.2016.11.013","article-title":"Zika virus from a Southeast Asian perspective","volume":"10","author":"Wikan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Althouse, B.M., Vasilakis, N., Sall, A.A., Diallo, M., Weaver, S.C., and Hanley, K.A. (2016). Potential for Zika Virus to Establish a Sylvatic Transmission Cycle in the Americas. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/047175"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.11.020","article-title":"The emergence of arthropod-borne viral diseases: A global prospective on dengue, chikungunya and zika fevers","volume":"166","author":"Mayer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.11.007","article-title":"Flavivirus transmission focusing on Zika","volume":"22","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.014","article-title":"Zika virus, vectors, reservoirs, amplifying hosts, and their potential to spread worldwide: What we know and what we should investigate urgently","volume":"48","author":"Vorou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2016.03.010","article-title":"Zika virus: History, emergence, biology, and prospects for control","volume":"130","author":"Weaver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika Virus Outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grard, G., Caron, M., Mombo, I.M., Nkoghe, D., Mboui Ondo, S., Jiolle, D., Fontenille, D., Paupy, C., and Leroy, E.M. (2014). Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa)--2007: A new threat from Aedes albopictus?. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002681"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Zika virus, French polynesia, South pacific, 2013","volume":"20","author":"Roche","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61273-9","article-title":"Zika virus: Following the path of dengue and chikungunya?","volume":"386","author":"Musso","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5036","article-title":"Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings","volume":"352","author":"Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowe, R., Barcellos, C., Brasil, P., Cruz, O.G., Honorio, N.A., Kuper, H., and Carvalho, M.S. (2018). The Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil: From Discovery to Future Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010096"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2312.171375","article-title":"Detection of Zika Virus in April 2013 Patient Samples, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil","volume":"23","author":"Passos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S441","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw390","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chikungunya in the Americas","volume":"214","author":"Yactayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e172","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30446-2","article-title":"Zika virus in French Polynesia 2013\u201314: Anatomy of a completed outbreak","volume":"18","author":"Musso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0446-y","article-title":"The emergence of Zika virus and its new clinical syndromes","volume":"560","author":"Pierson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.12.031","article-title":"Zika virus: The transboundary pathogen from mosquito and updates","volume":"114","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilder-Smith, A., Vannice, K., Durbin, A., Hombach, J., Thomas, S.J., Thevarjan, I., and Simmons, C.P. (2018). Zika vaccines and therapeutics: Landscape analysis and challenges ahead. BMC Med., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-018-1067-x"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2017.1345309","article-title":"An update on Zika vaccine developments","volume":"16","author":"Durbin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30063-X","article-title":"Development of vaccines against Zika virus","volume":"18","author":"Poland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2017.08.001","article-title":"Current status of therapeutic and vaccine approaches against Zika virus","volume":"44","author":"Wahid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.11.009","article-title":"Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review","volume":"67","author":"Powell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0969","article-title":"Differential Vector Competency of Aedes albopictus Populations from the Americas for Zika Virus","volume":"97","author":"Azar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2304.161484","article-title":"Variation in Aedes aegypti Mosquito Competence for Zika Virus Transmission","volume":"23","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azar, S.R., Rossi, S.L., Haller, S.H., Yun, R., Huang, J.H., Plante, J.A., Zhou, J., Olano, J.P., Roundy, C.M., and Hanley, K.A. (2018). ZIKV Demonstrates Minimal Pathologic Effects and Mosquito Infectivity in Viremic Cynomolgus Macaques. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10110661"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.10.003","article-title":"Dissecting vectorial capacity for mosquito-borne viruses","volume":"15","author":"Kramer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00485.x","article-title":"Midgut and salivary gland barriers to La Crosse Virus dissemination in mosquitoes of the Aedes triseriatus group","volume":"3","author":"Paulson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.115-137.2000","article-title":"Genetics of Mosquito Vector Competence","volume":"64","author":"Beerntsen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.3390\/v6103991","article-title":"Arboviral bottlenecks and challenges to maintaining diversity and fitness during mosquito transmission","volume":"6","author":"Forrester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S453","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiw285","article-title":"Invasiveness of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Vectorial Capacity for Chikungunya Virus","volume":"214","author":"Lounibos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.2307\/4591271","article-title":"Epidemiologic models in studies of vector-borne diseases","volume":"76","author":"Macdonald","year":"1961","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-23401-7","article-title":"Biological characterization of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Argentina: Implications for arbovirus transmission","volume":"8","author":"Chuchuy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0269-283X.2004.00513.x","article-title":"Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus","volume":"18","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.07.003","article-title":"The invasive mosquito species Aedes albopictus: Current knowledge and future perspectives","volume":"29","author":"Bonizzoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2009.05.005","article-title":"Aedes albopictus, an arbovirus vector: From the darkness to the light","volume":"11","author":"Paupy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1093\/jme\/tjw096","article-title":"The Eye of the Tiger, the Thrill of the Fight: Effective Larval and Adult Control Measures Against the Asian Tiger Mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), in North America","volume":"53","author":"Faraji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv174","article-title":"A Reevaluation of the Role of Aedes albopictus in Dengue Transmission","volume":"212","author":"Christofferson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calba, C., Guerbois-Galla, M., Franke, F., Jeannin, C., Auzet-Caillaud, M., Grard, G., Pigaglio, L., Decoppet, A., Weicherding, J., and Savaill, M.C. (2017). Preliminary report of an autochthonous chikungunya outbreak in France, July to September 2017. Euro Surveill., 22.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.39.17-00647"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tay004","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/tay004","article-title":"Chikungunya is back in Italy: 2007\u20132017","volume":"25","author":"Rezza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Travel Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofy321","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy321","article-title":"The Italian 2017 Outbreak Chikungunya Virus Belongs to an Emerging Aedes albopictus-Adapted Virus Cluster Introduced From the Indian Subcontinent","volume":"6","author":"Lindh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1504.080664","article-title":"Concurrent chikungunya and dengue virus infections during simultaneous outbreaks, Gabon, 2007","volume":"15","author":"Leroy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"141","article-title":"Evidence of vertical transmission and co-circulation of chikungunya and dengue viruses in field populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) from Guerrero, Mexico","volume":"110","author":"Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22400","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of Zika virus into the United States","volume":"546","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"396","article-title":"Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector","volume":"40","author":"Miller","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02063-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02063-16","article-title":"Emergence of Epidemic Zika Virus Transmission and Congenital Zika Syndrome: Are Recently Evolved Traits to Blame?","volume":"8","author":"Weaver","year":"2017","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.006","article-title":"From Mosquitos to Humans: Genetic Evolution of Zika Virus","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0166-2","article-title":"Differential transmission of Asian and African Zika virus lineages by Aedes aegypti from New Caledonia","volume":"7","author":"Calvez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0685","article-title":"African and Asian Zika Virus Isolates Display Phenotypic Differences Both In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"98","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weger-Lucarelli, J., Ruckert, C., Chotiwan, N., Nguyen, C., Garcia Luna, S.M., Fauver, J.R., Foy, B.D., Perera, R., Black, W.C., and Kading, R.C. (2016). Vector Competence of American Mosquitoes for Three Strains of Zika Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005101"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22365","article-title":"Evolutionary enhancement of Zika virus infectivity in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes","volume":"545","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.77.365","article-title":"A Newly Emergent Genotype of West Nile Virus Is Transmitted Earlier and More Efficiently by Culex Mosquitoes","volume":"77","author":"Moudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.493","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic variation of West Nile virus in New York, 2000\u20132003","volume":"71","author":"Ebel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.3390\/v5123021","article-title":"Vector-virus interactions and transmission dynamics of West Nile virus","volume":"5","author":"Ciota","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duggal, N.K., Bosco-Lauth, A., Bowen, R.A., Wheeler, S.S., Reisen, W.K., Felix, T.A., Mann, B.R., Romo, H., Swetnam, D.M., and Barrett, A.D. (2014). Evidence for co-evolution of West Nile Virus and house sparrows in North America. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003262"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1006","article-title":"Transmission cycles, host range, evolution and emergence of arboviral disease","volume":"2","author":"Weaver","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2009.10.008","article-title":"Present and future arboviral threats","volume":"85","author":"Weaver","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1718","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.4.1718-1730.2002","article-title":"Positively charged amino acid substitutions in the e2 envelope glycoprotein are associated with the emergence of venezuelan equine encephalitis virus","volume":"76","author":"Brault","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1976.25.336","article-title":"Vector Competence of Mosquitoes as a Marker to Distinguish Central American and Mexican Epizootic from Enzootic Strains of Venezuelan Encephalitis Virus","volume":"25","author":"Kramer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11344","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402905101","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalitis emergence: Enhanced vector infection from a single amino acid substitution in the envelope glycoprotein","volume":"101","author":"Brault","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6387","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6387-6392.2002","article-title":"Vector infection determinants of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus reside within the E2 envelope glycoprotein","volume":"76","author":"Brault","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2307.161633","article-title":"Effects of Zika Virus Strain and Aedes Mosquito Species on Vector Competence","volume":"23","author":"Ciota","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90381-6","article-title":"Increased yellow fever virus infection and dissemination rates in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes orally exposed to freshly grown virus","volume":"81","author":"Miller","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.06.019","article-title":"Reduced infection in mosquitoes exposed to blood meals containing previously frozen flaviviruses","volume":"129","author":"Richards","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1988.39.597","article-title":"Reduced Rift Valley Fever VIrus Infection Rates in Mosquitoes Associated with Pledgelet feedings","volume":"39","author":"Turell","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2232","article-title":"Characterization of a Western Pacific Zika Virus Strain in Australian Aedes aegypti","volume":"18","author":"Pyke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.004","article-title":"An Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus to Study Viral Virulence, Mosquito Transmission, and Antiviral Inhibitors","volume":"19","author":"Shan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01114","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01114-16","article-title":"A Full-Length Infectious cDNA Clone of Zika Virus from the 2015 Epidemic in Brazil as a Genetic Platform for Studies of Virus-Host Interactions and Vaccine Development","volume":"7","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01765-16","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01765-16","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Recombinant Virus Generated from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone","volume":"91","author":"Duggal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.08.005","article-title":"Cell-specific adaptation of two flaviviruses following serial passage in mosquito cell culture","volume":"357","author":"Ciota","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moser, L.A., Boylan, B.T., Moreira, F.R., Myers, L.J., Svenson, E.L., Fedorova, N.B., Pickett, B.E., and Bernard, K.A. (2018). Growth and adaptation of Zika virus in mammalian and mosquito cells. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006880"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.02.004","article-title":"Mutations present in a low-passage Zika virus isolate result in attenuated pathogenesis in mice","volume":"530","author":"Duggal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vasilakis, N., Deardorff, E.R., Kenney, J.L., Rossi, S.L., Hanley, K.A., and Weaver, S.C. (2009). Mosquitoes put the brake on arbovirus evolution: Experimental evolution reveals slower mutation accumulation in mosquito than vertebrate cells. PLoS Pathog., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000467"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6970","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712130105","article-title":"Arbovirus evolution in vivo is constrained by host alternation","volume":"105","author":"Coffey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aliota, M.T., Dudley, D.M., Newman, C.M., Mohr, E.L., Gellerup, D.D., Breitbach, M.E., Buechler, C.R., Rasheed, M.N., Mohns, M.S., and Weiler, A.M. (2016). Heterologous Protection against Asian Zika Virus Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/059592"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00022","article-title":"Arbovirus-Mosquito Vector-Host Interactions and the Impact on Transmission and Disease Pathogenesis of Arboviruses","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0836-z","article-title":"Vector-borne transmission and evolution of Zika virus","volume":"3","author":"Piedra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2018.01.006","article-title":"An overview of mosquito vectors of Zika virus","volume":"20","author":"Boyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Epelboin, Y., Talaga, S., Epelboin, L., and Dusfour, I. (2017). Zika virus: An updated review of competent or naturally infected mosquitoes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005933"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., Vanlandingham, D.L., McGee, C.E., and Higgs, S. (2007). A single mutation in chikungunya virus affects vector specificity and epidemic potential. PLoS Pathog., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030201"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5084","article-title":"Multi-peaked adaptive landscape for chikungunya virus evolution predicts continued fitness optimization in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes","volume":"5","author":"Tsetsarkin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsetsarkin, K.A., and Weaver, S.C. (2011). Sequential adaptive mutations enhance efficient vector switching by Chikungunya virus and its epidemic emergence. PLoS Pathog., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002412"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chouin-Carneiro, T., Vega-Rua, A., Vazeille, M., Yebakima, A., Girod, R., Goindin, D., Dupont-Rouzeyrol, M., Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R., and Failloux, A.B. (2016). Differential Susceptibilities of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus from the Americas to Zika Virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004543"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Luca, M., Severini, F., Toma, L., Boccolini, D., Romi, R., Remoli, M.E., Sabbatucci, M., Rizzo, C., Venturi, G., and Rezza, G. (2016). Experimental studies of susceptibility of Italian Aedes albopictus to Zika virus. Euro Surveill., 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.18.30223"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wong, P.S., Li, M.Z., Chong, C.S., Ng, L.C., and Tan, C.H. (2013). Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse): A potential vector of Zika virus in Singapore. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002348"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0963","article-title":"American Aedes vexans Mosquitoes are Competent Vectors of Zika Virus","volume":"96","author":"Gendernalik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0772-y","article-title":"Zika vector transmission risk in temperate Australia: A vector competence study","volume":"14","author":"Duchemin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall-Mendelin, S., Pyke, A.T., Moore, P.R., Mackay, I.M., McMahon, J.L., Ritchie, S.A., Taylor, C.T., Moore, F.A., and van den Hurk, A.F. (2016). Assessment of Local Mosquito Species Incriminates Aedes aegypti as the Potential Vector of Zika Virus in Australia. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004959"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diagne, C.T., Diallo, D., Faye, O., Ba, Y., Faye, O., Gaye, A., Dia, I., Faye, O., Weaver, S.C., and Sall, A.A. (2015). Potential of selected Senegalese Aedes spp. mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) to transmit Zika virus. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1231-2"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karna, A.K., Azar, S.R., Plante, J.A., Yun, R., Vasilakis, N., Weaver, S.C., Hansen, I.A., and Hanley, K.A. (2018). Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World Mosquito Species, Shows a Low Vector Competence for Zika Virus Relative to Aedes aegypti. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080434"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18682-3","article-title":"Zika Virus in Salivary Glands of Five Different Species of Wild-Caught Mosquitoes from Mexico","volume":"8","author":"Eckert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.59","article-title":"Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Guedes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amraoui, F., Atyame-Nten, C., Vega-Rua, A., Lourenco-de-Oliveira, R., Vazeille, M., and Failloux, A.B. (2016). Culex mosquitoes are experimentally unable to transmit Zika virus. Euro Surveill., 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.35.30333"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2303.161636","article-title":"Zika Virus Vector Competency of Mosquitoes, Gulf Coast, United States","volume":"23","author":"Hart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0865","article-title":"Transmission Incompetence of Culex quinquefasciatus and Culex pipiens pipiens from North America for Zika Virus","volume":"96","author":"Kenney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000949","article-title":"Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes do not support replication of Zika virus","volume":"99","author":"Marques","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Main, B.J., Nicholson, J., Winokur, O.C., Steiner, C., Riemersma, K.K., Stuart, J., Takeshita, R., Krasnec, M., Barker, C.M., and Coffey, L.L. (2018). Vector competence of Aedes aegypti, Culex tarsalis, and Culex quinquefasciatus from California for Zika virus. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006524"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.102","article-title":"Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus: A potential vector to transmit Zika virus","volume":"5","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-da-Silva, A.L., Ioshino, R.S., Araujo, H.R., Kojin, B.B., Zanotto, P.M., Oliveira, D.B., Melo, S.R., Durigon, E.L., and Capurro, M.L. (2017). Laboratory strains of Aedes aegypti are competent to Brazilian Zika virus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171951"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10152","article-title":"Early history of laboratory breeding of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on the origins and use of selected strains","volume":"47","author":"Kuno","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1089\/153036601316977769","article-title":"Differential Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti to Infection by the American and Southeast Asian Genotypes of Dengue Type 2 Virus","volume":"1","author":"Armstrong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.1154","article-title":"The effect of laboratory colonization on the vector-pathogen interactions of Egyptian Culex pipiens and Rift Valley fever virus","volume":"32","author":"Gargan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1984.33.690","article-title":"The effect of colonization upon Aedes aegypti susceptibility to oral infection with yellow fever virus","volume":"33","author":"Lorenz","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4294","DOI":"10.3390\/v6114294","article-title":"The insect microbiome modulates vector competence for arboviruses","volume":"6","author":"Jupatanakul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, J.L., Souza-Neto, J., Torres Cosme, R., Rovira, J., Ortiz, A., Pascale, J.M., and Dimopoulos, G. (2012). Reciprocal tripartite interactions between the Aedes aegypti midgut microbiota, innate immune system and dengue virus influences vector competence. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001561"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bian, G., Xu, Y., Lu, P., Xie, Y., and Xi, Z. (2010). The endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia induces resistance to dengue virus in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000833"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2780-1","article-title":"Diverse laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti harbor the same adult midgut bacterial microbiome","volume":"11","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02160","article-title":"Microbiome Interaction Networks and Community Structure From Laboratory-Reared and Field-Collected Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex quinquefasciatus Mosquito Vectors","volume":"9","author":"Hegde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xi, Z., Ramirez, J.L., and Dimopoulos, G. (2008). The Aedes aegypti toll pathway controls dengue virus infection. PLoS Pathog., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000098"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramirez, J.L., Short, S.M., Bahia, A.C., Saraiva, R.G., Dong, Y., Kang, S., Tripathi, A., Mlambo, G., and Dimopoulos, G. (2014). Chromobacterium Csp_P reduces malaria and dengue infection in vector mosquitoes and has entomopathogenic and in vitro anti-pathogen activities. PLoS Pathog., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004398"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodson, B.L., Hughes, G.L., Paul, O., Matacchiero, A.C., Kramer, L.D., and Rasgon, J.L. (2014). Wolbachia enhances West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the mosquito Culex tarsalis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002965"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apte-Deshpande, A., Paingankar, M., Gokhale, M.D., and Deobagkar, D.N. (2012). Serratia odorifera a midgut inhabitant of Aedes aegypti mosquito enhances its susceptibility to dengue-2 virus. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040401"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0435-2","article-title":"The mosquito holobiont: Fresh insight into mosquito-microbiota interactions","volume":"6","author":"Guegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.10.001","article-title":"Insect-Specific Viruses: A Historical Overview and Recent Developments","volume":"98","author":"Roundy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.08.007","article-title":"Insect-specific viruses and their potential impact on arbovirus transmission","volume":"15","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-01629-9","article-title":"Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence","volume":"55","author":"Ohlund","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00776-12","article-title":"Negevirus: A proposed new taxon of insect-specific viruses with wide geographic distribution","volume":"87","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14622","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1204787109","article-title":"Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication","volume":"109","author":"Nasar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.05.009","article-title":"Eilat virus induces both homologous and heterologous interference","volume":"484","author":"Nasar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0595-2","article-title":"Eilat virus displays a narrow mosquito vector range","volume":"7","author":"Nasar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.3390\/v7041927","article-title":"Insect-specific flaviviruses: A systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization","volume":"7","author":"Blitvich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2796","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.068031-0","article-title":"Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: Potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses","volume":"95","author":"Kenney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0180-4","article-title":"Restriction of Zika virus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti mediated by an insect-specific flavivirus","volume":"7","author":"Romo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00705","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00705-19","article-title":"Cell-fusing agent virus reduces arbovirus dissemination in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in vivo","volume":"93","author":"Baidaliuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.608-637.2005","article-title":"Biological transmission of arboviruses: Reexamination of and new insights into components, mechanisms, and unique traits as well as their evolutionary trends","volume":"18","author":"Kuno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tesla, B., Demakovsky, L.R., Packiam, H.S., Mordecai, E.A., Rodriguez, A.D., Bonds, M.H., Brindley, M.A., and Murdock, C.C. (2018). Estimating the effects of variation in viremia on mosquito susceptibility, infectiousness, and R0 of Zika in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006733"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0812.020536","article-title":"Vector Competence of California Mosquitos for West Nile Virus","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010617","article-title":"Vector Competence of Selected North American Culex and Coquillettidia Mosquitos for West Nile Virus","volume":"7","author":"Sardelis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.06.011","article-title":"Viral load kinetics of Zika virus in plasma, urine and saliva in a couple returning from Martinique, French West Indies","volume":"82","author":"Fourcade","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1408.080287","article-title":"Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007","volume":"14","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, K.C., Sulca, J., Bazan, I., Astete, H., Jaba, H.L., Siles, C., Kocher, C., Vilcarromero, S., Schwarz, J., and Escobedo-Vargas, K.S. (2019). Feasibility of feeding Aedes aegypti mosquitoes on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007116"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1987.36.143","article-title":"Effect of Temperature on the Vector Efficiency of Aedes aegypti for Dengue 2 virus","volume":"36","author":"Watts","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/26.6.535","article-title":"Size of blood meals of Aedes albopictus and Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Diptera: Culicidae) feeding on an unrestrained dog infected with Dirofilaria immitis (Spirurida: Filariidae)","volume":"26","author":"Konishi","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/43.3.623","article-title":"Relationship Between Host Viremia and Vector Susceptibility for Arboviruses","volume":"43","author":"Lord","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.10.011","article-title":"Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Mosquito Vector Aedes taeniorhynchus: Infection Initiated by a Small Number of Susceptible Epithelial Cells and a Population Bottleneck","volume":"372","author":"Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20140299","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0299","article-title":"The tortoise or the hare? Impacts of within-host dynamics on transmission success of arthropod-borne viruses","volume":"370","author":"Althouse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1981.30.190","article-title":"Dissemination Barriers for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Culex tarsalis infected after Ingestion of Low Viral Doses","volume":"30","author":"Kramer","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.305","article-title":"Comparative Vector Competence of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus from the Coachella, Imperial, and San Joaquin Valleys of California for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus","volume":"32","author":"Meyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vloet, R.P.M., Vogels, C.B.F., Koenraadt, C.J.M., Pijlman, G.P., Eiden, M., Gonzales, J.L., van Keulen, L.J.M., Wichgers Schreur, P.J., and Kortekaas, J. (2017). Transmission of Rift Valley fever virus from European-breed lambs to Culex pipiens mosquitoes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006145"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.2.391","article-title":"Distribution of Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in the Alimentary Tract of Culex Tarsalis (Diptera: Culicidae) Following Natural and Artificial Blood Meals","volume":"30","author":"Weaver","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.04.009","article-title":"Artificial blood feeders for mosquito and ticks-Where from, where to?","volume":"183","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"277","article-title":"Methods for Studying the Vector Competence of Culex tarsalis for Western Equine encephalomyelitis virus","volume":"20","author":"Mahmood","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2018.05.007","article-title":"Reproducibility and relevance in insect-arbovirus infection studies","volume":"28","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect. Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2019.1634489","article-title":"The native European Aedes geniculatus mosquito species can transmit chikungunya virus","volume":"8","author":"Prudhomme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.6.950","article-title":"Enhanced Vector Competencce of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Torres Strait Compared with Mainland Australia for Dengue 2 and 4 Viruses","volume":"40","author":"Knox","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.S., Lyons, A.C., Hsu, W.W., Park, S.L., Higgs, S., and Vanlandingham, D.L. (2017). Differential outcomes of Zika virus infection in Aedes aegypti orally challenged with infectious blood meals and infectious protein meals. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182386"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.82","article-title":"Vector competence of European mosquitoes for West Nile virus","volume":"6","author":"Vogels","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-050715-105122","article-title":"Zika, Chikungunya, and Other Emerging Vector-Borne Viral Diseases","volume":"69","author":"Weaver","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/42.5.844","article-title":"Blood Feeding Patterns of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Thailand","volume":"42","author":"Ponlawat","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.1.89","article-title":"Longitudinal Studies of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Thailand and Puerto Rico: Blood Feeding Frequency","volume":"37","author":"Scott","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/30.5.922","article-title":"Blood-Feeding Patterns of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in a Rural Thai Village","volume":"30","author":"Scott","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Med. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.10.013","article-title":"Discriminable roles of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in establishment of dengue outbreaks in Taiwan","volume":"130","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0853-y","article-title":"Effect of repeat human blood feeding on Wolbachia density and dengue virus infection in Aedes aegypti","volume":"8","author":"Amuzu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Armstrong, P.M., Ehrlich, H., Bransfield, A., Warren, J.L., Pitzer, V.E., and Brackney, D.E. Sucessive Bloodmeals Enhance VIrus Dissemination Within Mosquitoes and Increase Transmission Potential. BioRxiv, 246306."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adelman, Z.N., Anderson, M.A., Wiley, M.R., Murreddu, M.G., Samuel, G.H., Morazzani, E.M., and Myles, K.M. (2013). Cooler temperatures destabilize RNA interference and increase susceptibility of disease vector mosquitoes to viral infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002239"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.03.413","article-title":"The vector competence of Ae. aegypti mosquito populations from Kilifi and Nairobi for dengue-2 virus and the effect of temperature","volume":"21","author":"Chepkorir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"20171506","article-title":"Infection rate of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with dengue virus depends on the interaction between temperature and mosquito genotype","volume":"284","author":"Armstrong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavicchioli, R., Ripple, W.J., Timmis, K.N., Azam, F., Bakken, L.R., Baylis, M., Behrenfeld, M.J., Boetius, A., Boyd, P.W., and Classen, A.T. (2019). Scientists\u2019 warning to humanity: Microorganisms and climate change. Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 569\u2013584.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0222-5"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2017.06.001","article-title":"Emerging arboviruses: Why today?","volume":"4","author":"Gould","year":"2017","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1086\/514048","article-title":"Dengue in the Early Febrile Phase: Viremia and Antibody Responses","volume":"176","author":"Vaughn","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Guzm\u00e1n, E.X., Pantoja, P., Serrano-Collazo, C., Hassert, M.A., Ortiz-Rosa, A., Rodr\u00edguez, I.V., Giavedoni, L., Hodara, V., Parodi, L., and Cruz, L. Time elapsed between Zika and Dengue infections improves the immune response against Dengue without viremia enhancement in rhesus macaques. BioRxiv, 621094."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14688","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508114112","article-title":"Asymptomatic humans transmit dengue virus to mosquitoes","volume":"112","author":"Duong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morrison, A.C., Schwarz, J., Long, K.C., Cordova, J., Rios, J.E., Quiroz, W.L., Vizcarra, S.A., Hontz, R.D., Scott, T.W., and Lambrechts, L. (2019). Acceptability of Aedes aegypti blood feeding on dengue virus-infected human volunteers for vector competence studies in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007090"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00009-17","article-title":"Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity","volume":"91","author":"Morrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"232","article-title":"An Overview of Animal Models for Arthropod-Borne Viruses","volume":"67","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.06.009","article-title":"Modeling Zika Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.04.003","article-title":"An Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Zika Virus Infection","volume":"23","author":"Gorman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0111","article-title":"Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus","volume":"94","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2595","article-title":"Fever from the forest: Prospects for the continued emergence of sylvatic dengue virus and its impact on public health","volume":"9","author":"Vasilakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3551","article-title":"Studying immunity to zoonotic diseases in the natural host\u2014Keeping it real","volume":"13","author":"Bean","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/9\/867\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:20:56Z","timestamp":1760188856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/9\/867"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]}},"alternative-id":["v11090867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11090867","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,17]]}}}