{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:39:23Z","timestamp":1791895163971,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"State Forestry Administration","award":["21080611"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21080611"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious acute or subacute disease of small ruminants caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV), and it is responsible for significant economic losses in animal husbandry. Vaccination represents the most effective means of controlling this disease, with virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines offering promising vaccine candidates. In this study, a PPRV VLP-based vaccine was developed using a baculovirus expression system, allowing for the simultaneous expression of the PPRV matrix (M), hemagglutinin (H), fusion (F) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in insect cells. Immunization of mice and goats with PPRV VLPs elicited a robust neutralization response and a potent cellular immune response. Mouse studies demonstrated that VLPs induced a more robust IFN-\u03b3 response in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells than PPRV Nigeria 75\/1 and recruited and\/or activated more B cells and dendritic cells in inguinal lymph nodes. In addition, PPRV VLPs induced a strong Th1 class response in mice, as indicated by a high IgG2a to IgG1 ratio. Goat studies demonstrated that PPRV VLPs can induce the production of antibodies specific for F and H proteins and can also stimulate the production of virus neutralizing antibodies to the same magnitude as the PPRV Nigeria 75\/1 vaccine. Higher amounts of IFN-\u03b3 in VLP-immunized animal serum suggested that VLPs also elicited a cellular immune response in goats. These results demonstrated that VLPs elicit a potent immune response against PPRV infection in small ruminants, making PPRV VLPs a potential candidate for PPRV vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100918","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,7]],"date-time":"2019-10-07T03:34:01Z","timestamp":1570419241000},"page":"918","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus-Like Particles Induce a Potent Humoral and Cellular Immune Response in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Feihu","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Logan","family":"Banadyga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkun","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Schiffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Entao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huanan Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuiling","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"Xinxiang medical university, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuwei","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiecheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hualei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianzhu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huanan Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7557-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songtao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130122, Jilin, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangguo","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg R3E 3R2, Manitoba, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062287","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus infection of small ruminants: A comprehensive review","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1159\/000149044","article-title":"Classification of peste des petits ruminants virus as the fourth member of the genus Morbillivirus","volume":"11","author":"Gibbs","year":"1979","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(02)00102-5","article-title":"Recent epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV)","volume":"88","author":"Dhar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-0934(01)00386-X","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of peste des petits ruminants virus by a polymerase chain reaction assay","volume":"100","author":"Roger","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5435","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119972109","article-title":"Feline morbillivirus, a previously undescribed paramyxovirus associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis in domestic cats","volume":"109","author":"Woo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.7469","article-title":"Note on the structure of the small ruminant pest virus","volume":"20","author":"Bourdin","year":"1967","journal-title":"Rev. Elev. Med. Vet. Pays. Trop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.01.013","article-title":"Full genome sequence of peste des petits ruminants virus, a member of the Morbillivirus genus","volume":"110","author":"Bailey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1021\/bi026858d","article-title":"The fusion core complex of the peste des petits ruminants virus is a six-helix bundle assembly","volume":"42","author":"Rahaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(99)00080-5","article-title":"The matrix protein gene sequence analysis reveals close relationship between peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and dolphin morbillivirus","volume":"64","author":"Haffar","year":"1999","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4816","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(01)00210-9","article-title":"Immune responses in goats to recombinant hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein of Peste des petits ruminants virus: Identification of a T cell determinant","volume":"19","author":"Sinnathamby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.07.023","article-title":"Identification of T-helper and linear B epitope in the hypervariable region of nucleocapsid protein of PPRV and its use in the development of specific antibodies to detect viral antigen","volume":"118","author":"Dechamma","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.08.022","article-title":"Baculovirus display of fusion protein of Peste des petits ruminants virus and hemagglutination protein of Rinderpest virus and immunogenicity of the displayed proteins in mouse model","volume":"317","author":"Rahman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.02.013","article-title":"The threat of peste des petits ruminants: Progress in vaccine development for disease control","volume":"25","author":"Diallo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1702(02)00151-X","article-title":"Mapping of B-cell epitopic sites and delineation of functional domains on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus","volume":"90","author":"Renukaradhya","year":"2002","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.2000.0698","article-title":"Identification of a cytotoxic T-cell epitope on the recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of Rinderpest and Peste des petits ruminants viruses presented as assembled nucleocapsids","volume":"279","author":"Nayak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2004.17.401","article-title":"Cytotoxic T cell epitope in cattle from the attachment glycoproteins of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses","volume":"17","author":"Sinnathamby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.027","article-title":"Expression kinetics of ISG15, IRF3, IFNgamma, IL10, IL2 and IL4 genes vis-a-vis virus shedding, tissue tropism and antibody dynamics in PPRV vaccinated, challenged, infected sheep and goats","volume":"117","author":"Wani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2012.140907","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus, eastern Asia","volume":"20","author":"Banyard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12808","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants in China since its first outbreak in 2007: A 10-year review","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2104.141627","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus in Heilongjiang province, China, 2014","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biologicals.2010.02.003","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) vaccines","volume":"38","author":"Saravanan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biologicals"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.10.74","article-title":"Vaccines against peste des petits ruminants virus","volume":"9","author":"Sen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojas, J.M., Moreno, H., Valc\u00e1rcel, F., Pe\u00f1a, L., Sevilla, N., and Mart\u00edn, V. (2014). Vaccination with recombinant adenoviruses expressing the peste des petits ruminants virus F or H proteins overcomes viral immunosuppression and induces protective immunity against PPRV challenge in sheep. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101226"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-012-9598-4","article-title":"Construction and characterization of virus-like particles: A review","volume":"53","author":"Zeltins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2011.10.018","article-title":"Virus-like particles: Potential veterinary vaccine immunogens","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Jin, H., Sui, X., Zhao, Z., Yang, C., Wang, W., Li, J., and Li, G. (2014). Self-assembly and release of peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles in an insect cell-baculovirus system and their immunogenicity in mice and goats. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104791"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2013.10.012","article-title":"Formation of peste des petits ruminants spikeless virus-like particles by co-expression of M and N proteins in insect cells","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-017-1450-2","article-title":"Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus virus-like particles produced in insect cells induce specific immune responses in mice","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00169","article-title":"Incorporation of membrane-anchored flagellin or Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit enhances the immunogenicity of rabies virus-like particles in mice and dogs","volume":"6","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.3390\/v7031134","article-title":"Chimeric rabies virus-like particles containing membrane-anchored GM-CSF enhances the immune response against rabies virus","volume":"7","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2014.11.018","article-title":"Peste des petits ruminants virus-like particles induce both complete virus-specific antibodies and virus neutralizing antibodies in mice","volume":"213","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.05.002","article-title":"Recombinant adenovirus expressing F and H fusion proteins of peste des petits ruminants virus induces both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in goats","volume":"154","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.6.3.381","article-title":"Virus-like particles: Flexible platforms for vaccine development","volume":"6","author":"Chackerian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9477","article-title":"T cell-independent type I antibody response against B cell epitopes expressed repetitively on recombinant virus particles","volume":"95","author":"Fehr","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.01.106","article-title":"Influenza virus-like particles elicit broader immune responses than whole virion inactivated influenza virus or recombinant hemagglutinin","volume":"25","author":"Bright","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02052-06","article-title":"Virus-like particle vaccine induces protective immunity against homologous and heterologous strains of influenza virus","volume":"81","author":"Quan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6099","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.12.6099","article-title":"Polyvalent antigens stabilize B cell antigen receptor surface signaling microdomains","volume":"170","author":"Thyagarajan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5816","article-title":"Virus-like display of a neo-self antigen reverses B cell anergy in a B cell receptor transgenic mouse model","volume":"180","author":"Chackerian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2739","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.4.2739-2744.1999","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of recombinant parvovirus-like particles elicits cytotoxic T-cell and neutralizing antibody responses","volume":"73","author":"Sedlik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-4","article-title":"Effects of adjuvants on IgG subclasses elicited by virus-like particles","volume":"10","author":"Visciano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11265","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01359-09","article-title":"Broad neutralization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mediated by plasma antibodies against the gp41 membrane proximal external region","volume":"83","author":"Gray","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(07)96002-2","article-title":"Wilson Regulation of interferon-gamma during innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"96","author":"Schoenborn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.158.8.3666","article-title":"Crossregulation between T helper cell (Th)1 and Th2: Inhibition of Th2 proliferation by IFN-gamma involves interference with IL-1","volume":"158","author":"Oriss","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.04.018","article-title":"Notch directly regulates Gata3 expression during T helper 2 cell differentiation","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-80-7-1627","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle vaccinated with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the nucleocapsid protein of rinderpest virus","volume":"80","author":"Ohishi","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.9.5346","article-title":"Papillomavirus-like particles induce acute activation of dendritic cells","volume":"166","author":"Lenz","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6616(02)00039-6","article-title":"Interaction of papillomavirus virus-like particles with human myeloid antigen-presenting cells","volume":"106","author":"Lenz","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1159\/000150482","article-title":"Virus-like particles induce MHC class I-restricted T-cell responses. Lessons learned from the hepatitis B small surface antigen","volume":"39","author":"Schirmbeck","year":"1996","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.2010.161","article-title":"Cross-presentation of epitopes on virus-like particles via the MHC I receptor recycling pathway","volume":"89","author":"Win","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/10\/918\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:27:44Z","timestamp":1760189264000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/10\/918"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["v11100918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11100918","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]]}}}