{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:57:54Z","timestamp":1785365874127,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]],"date-time":"2019-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570665600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LE1813\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LE1813\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As the phylogenetic organization of mammalian polyomaviruses is complex and currently incompletely resolved, we aimed at a deeper insight into their evolution by identifying polyomaviruses in host orders and families that have either rarely or not been studied. Sixteen unknown and two known polyomaviruses were identified in animals that belong to 5 orders, 16 genera, and 16 species. From 11 novel polyomaviruses, full genomes could be determined. Splice sites were predicted for large and small T antigen (LTAg, STAg) coding sequences (CDS) and examined experimentally in transfected cell culture. In addition, splice sites of seven published polyomaviruses were analyzed. Based on these data, LTAg and STAg annotations were corrected for 10\/86 and 74\/86 published polyomaviruses, respectively. For 25 polyomaviruses, a spliced middle T CDS was observed or predicted. Splice sites that likely indicate expression of additional, alternative T antigens, were experimentally detected for six polyomaviruses. In contrast to all other mammalian polyomaviruses, three closely related cetartiodactyl polyomaviruses display two introns within their LTAg CDS. In addition, the VP2 of Glis glis (edible dormouse) polyomavirus 1 was observed to be encoded by a spliced transcript, a unique experimental finding within the Polyomaviridae family. Co-phylogenetic analyses based on LTAg CDS revealed a measurable signal of codivergence when considering all mammalian polyomaviruses, most likely driven by relatively recent codivergence events. Lineage duplication was the only other process whose influence on polyomavirus evolution was unambiguous. Finally, our analyses suggest that an update of the taxonomy of the family is required, including the creation of novel genera of mammalian and non-mammalian polyomaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100930","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,11]],"date-time":"2019-10-11T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1570763231000},"page":"930","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Novel Polyomaviruses in Mammals from Multiple Orders and Reassessment of Polyomavirus Evolution and Taxonomy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Ehlers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustin E.","family":"Anoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Zoologie-Biologie, UFR Biosciences Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan BP V 34, Cote D\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche Pour le D\u00e9veloppement, Universit\u00e9 Alassane Ouattara, Bouak\u00e9 BP V 1801, Cote D\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Ben Salem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Broll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Couacy-Hymann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire National D\u2019appui au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole\/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville BP 206, Cote D\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4779-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alma","family":"Gedvilaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nanina","family":"Ingenh\u00fctt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonja","family":"Liebmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3588-2838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maite","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroaliment\u00e0ries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), 08197 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsene","family":"Mossoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Zoologie-Biologie, UFR Biosciences Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt Boigny, Abidjan BP V 34, Cote D\u2019Ivoire"},{"name":"Laboratoire National D\u2019appui au D\u00e9veloppement Agricole\/Laboratoire Central de Pathologie Animale, Bingerville BP 206, Cote D\u2019Ivoire"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4932-3356","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lawrence","family":"Mugisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EcoHealth Research Group, Conservation &amp; Ecosystem Health Alliance (CEHA), Kampala 34153, Uganda"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources &amp; Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University, Kampala 34153, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Jacques","family":"Muyembe-Tamfum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de Recherche Bio-M\u00e9dicale, Kinshasa-Gombe BP 1197, Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maude","family":"Pauly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"P3 \u201cEpidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernat","family":"P\u00e9rez de Val","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroaliment\u00e0ries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), 08197 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Preugschas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dania","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Landscape Ecology &amp; Environmental Systems Analysis, Institute of Geoecology, Technische Universit\u00e4t Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grit","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P3 \u201cEpidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia A.","family":"Szentiks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research (IZW), 10315 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Teichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Walter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division 12 \u201cMeasles, Mumps, Rubella, and Viruses Affecting Immunocompromised Patients\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5620-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer G.","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Insel Riems, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidewij","family":"Wiersma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P3 \u201cEpidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian H.","family":"Leendertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P3 \u201cEpidemiology of highly pathogenic microorganisms\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4834-0509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Calvignac-Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"P3 \u201cViral Evolution\u201d, Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.06.011","article-title":"Biology, evolution, and medical importance of polyomaviruses: An update","volume":"54","author":"Moens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. 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