{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:53:17Z","timestamp":1791395597905,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005189","name":"Estonian Research Competency Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOBTT39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOBTT39"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005189","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Viruses are the major causes of acute and chronic infectious diseases in the world. According to the World Health Organization, there is an urgent need for better control of viral diseases. Repurposing existing antiviral agents from one viral disease to another could play a pivotal role in this process. Here, we identified novel activities of obatoclax and emetine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), echovirus 1 (EV1), human metapneumovirus (HMPV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) in cell cultures. Moreover, we demonstrated novel activities of emetine against influenza A virus (FLUAV), niclosamide against HSV-2, brequinar against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), and homoharringtonine against EV1. Our findings may expand the spectrum of indications of these safe-in-man agents and reinforce the arsenal of available antiviral therapeutics pending the results of further in vitro and in vivo tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]],"date-time":"2019-10-18T11:24:15Z","timestamp":1571397855000},"page":"964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Novel Antiviral Activities of Obatoclax, Emetine, Niclosamide, Brequinar, and Homoharringtonine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Petter I.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klara","family":"Krpina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Ianevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastassia","family":"Shtaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunji","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyung-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488,  Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaewon","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyung-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488,  Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Koit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanel","family":"Tenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2867-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veijo","family":"Hukkanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit W.","family":"Anthonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8759-1170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnar","family":"Bjoras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6034-4807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Evander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Ume\u00e5 University, 90185 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc P.","family":"Windisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Molecular Virology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, 696 Sampyung-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488,  Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Zusinaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis E.","family":"Kainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7028 Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50090, Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019, October 10). 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