{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T16:31:53Z","timestamp":1771259513998,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intensive efforts are being made to eliminate the raccoon variant of rabies virus (RABV) from the eastern United States and Canada. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Wildlife Services National Rabies Management Program has implemented enhanced rabies surveillance (ERS) to improve case detection across the extent of the raccoon oral rabies vaccination (ORV) management area. We evaluated ERS and public health surveillance data from 2006 to 2017 in three northeastern USA states using a dynamic occupancy modeling approach. Our objectives were to examine potential risk corridors for RABV incursion from the U.S. into Canada, evaluate the effectiveness of ORV management strategies, and identify surveillance gaps. ORV management has resulted in a decrease in RABV cases over time within vaccination zones (from occupancy (     \u03c8 \u00af     ) of 0.60 standard error (SE) = 0.03 in the spring of 2006 to      \u03c8 \u00af      of 0.33 SE = 0.10 in the spring 2017). RABV cases also reduced in the enzootic area (from      \u03c8 \u00af      of 0.60 SE = 0.03 in the spring of 2006 to      \u03c8 \u00af      of 0.45 SE = 0.05 in the spring 2017). Although RABV occurrence was related to habitat type, greater impacts were associated with ORV and trap\u2013vaccinate\u2013release (TVR) campaigns, in addition to seasonal and yearly trends. Reductions in RABV occupancy were more pronounced in areas treated with Ontario Rabies Vaccine Bait (ONRAB) compared to RABORAL V-RG\u00ae. Our approach tracked changes in RABV occurrence across space and time, identified risk corridors for potential incursions into Canada, and highlighted surveillance gaps, while evaluating the impacts of management actions. Using this approach, we are able to provide guidance for future RABV management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]],"date-time":"2019-10-31T12:38:23Z","timestamp":1572525503000},"page":"1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rabies Surveillance Identifies Potential Risk Corridors and Enables Management Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4962-9753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy J.","family":"Davis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rabies Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Concord, NH 03301-8548, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordona D.","family":"Kirby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rabies Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Concord, NH 03301-8548, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Pepin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard B.","family":"Chipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rabies Management Program, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Concord, NH 03301-8548, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy T.","family":"Gilbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12422","article-title":"Raccoon contact networks predict seasonal susceptibility to rabies outbreaks and limitations of vaccination","volume":"84","author":"Reynolds","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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