{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:14:54Z","timestamp":1769912094851,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574899200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of New England OSP Mini-Grant Program","award":["17028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Zika virus (ZIKV) recently emerged in the Western Hemisphere with previously unrecognized or unreported clinical presentations. Here, we identify two putative binding mechanisms of ancestral and emergent ZIKV strains featuring the envelope (E) protein residue asparagine 154 (ASN154) and viral phosphatidylserine (PS). Synthetic peptides representing the region containing ASN154 from strains PRVABC59 (Puerto Rico 2015) and MR_766 (Uganda 1947) were exposed to neuronal cells and fibroblasts to model ZIKV E protein\/cell interactions and bound MDCK or Vero cells and primary neurons significantly. Peptides significantly inhibited Vero cell infectivity by ZIKV strains MR_766 and PRVABC59, indicating that this region represents a putative binding mechanism of ancestral African ZIKV strains and emergent Western Hemisphere strains. Pretreatment of ZIKV strains MR_766 and PRVABC59 with the PS-binding protein annexin V significantly inhibited replication of PRVABC59 but not MR_766, suggesting that Western hemisphere strains may additionally be capable of utilizing PS-mediated entry to infect host cells. These data indicate that the region surrounding E protein ASN154 is capable of binding fibroblasts and primary neuronal cells and that PS-mediated entry may be a secondary mechanism for infectivity utilized by Western Hemisphere strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v11121101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]],"date-time":"2019-11-28T10:54:10Z","timestamp":1574938450000},"page":"1101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Mechanism for Zika Virus Host-Cell Binding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Courtney A.","family":"Rieder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rieder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebasti\u00e9n","family":"Sannajust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Goode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6424-6152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramaz","family":"Geguchadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan F.","family":"Relich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derek C.","family":"Molliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tamara E.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Vaughn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meghan","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"},{"name":"Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.02.017","article-title":"Zika Virus in the Americas: A Review for Clinicians","volume":"91","author":"Sampathkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e119","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30010-X","article-title":"Zika virus: History of a newly emerging arbovirus","volume":"16","author":"Wikan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20751","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.13.20751","article-title":"Evidence of perinatal transmission of Zika virus, French Polynesia, December 2013 and February 2014","volume":"19","author":"Besnard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro. Surveill."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00651-6","article-title":"Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013\u20132015: A retrospective study","volume":"387","author":"Cauchemez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brasil, P., Calvet, G.A., Siqueira, A.M., Wakimoto, M., de Sequeira, P.C., Nobre, A., Quintana, M.e.S., Mendon\u00e7a, M.C., Lupi, O., and de Souza, R.V. (2016). Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Clinical Characterization, Epidemiological and Virological Aspects. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004636"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30058-7","article-title":"Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome associated with Zika virus infection","volume":"387","author":"Brasil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsr1604338","article-title":"Zika Virus and Birth Defects - Reviewing the Evidence for Causality","volume":"374","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"i1901","article-title":"Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: Retrospective case series study","volume":"353","author":"Coeli","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehrjardi, M.Z. (2017). Is Zika Virus an Emerging TORCH Agent? An Invited Commentary. Virology (Auckl), 8.","DOI":"10.1177\/1178122X17708993"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.3720","article-title":"Congenital Zika Virus Infection: Beyond Neonatal Microcephaly","volume":"73","author":"Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600651","article-title":"Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly","volume":"374","author":"Mlakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6613e1","article-title":"Vital Signs: Update on Zika Virus-Associated Birth Defects and Evaluation of All U.S. Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure\u2014U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, 2016","volume":"66","author":"Reynolds","year":"2017","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acevedo, N., Waggoner, J., Rodriguez, M., Rivera, L., Landivar, J., Pinsky, B., and Zambrano, H. (2017). Zika Virus, Chikungunya Virus, and Dengue Virus in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Adults with Neurological Manifestations, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00042"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-017-0590-9","article-title":"Neurological Presentation of Zika Virus Infection beyond the Perinatal Period","volume":"19","author":"Mailles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2017.03.033","article-title":"Zika virus and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome","volume":"173","author":"Dub","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Neuro L. (Paris)"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofw203","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofw203","article-title":"Zika Virus Causing Encephalomyelitis Associated With Immunoactivation","volume":"3","author":"Galliez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000349","article-title":"Encephalomyelitis Following Definitive Zika Virus Infection","volume":"4","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roz\u00e9, B., Najioullah, F., Signate, A., Apetse, K., Brouste, Y., Gourgoudou, S., Fagour, L., Abel, S., Hochedez, P., and Cesaire, R. (2016). The Martinique Neuro-Zika Working Group. Zika virus detection in cerebrospinal fluid from two patients with encephalopathy, Martinique, February 2016. Euro. Surveill., 21.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.16.30205"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4364-x","article-title":"Zika virus-associated Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome: A warning for critical care physicians","volume":"42","author":"Thiery","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11604-016-0588-5","article-title":"Neuroimaging findings of Zika virus infection: A review article","volume":"34","author":"Keshavarz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0401-OA","article-title":"Placental Pathology of Zika Virus: Viral Infection of the Placenta Induces Villous Stromal Macrophage (Hofbauer Cell) Proliferation and Hyperplasia","volume":"141","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.016","article-title":"Zika Virus Causes Testis Damage and Leads to Male Infertility in Mice","volume":"167","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30444-9","article-title":"Effect of acute Zika virus infection on sperm and virus clearance in body fluids: A prospective observational study","volume":"17","author":"Joguet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6536e4","article-title":"Preliminary Findings from an Investigation of Zika Virus Infection in a Patient with No Known Risk Factors\u2014Utah, 2016","volume":"65","author":"Brent","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"49","article-title":"Three atypical lethal cases associated with acute Zika virus infection in Suriname","volume":"5","author":"Zonneveld","year":"2016","journal-title":"ID Cases"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2017.01.002","article-title":"Zika Virus","volume":"37","author":"Relich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309866","article-title":"AXL-Mediated Productive Infection of Human Endothelial Cells by Zika Virus","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.03.012","article-title":"Expression Analysis Highlights AXL as a Candidate Zika Virus Entry Receptor in Neural Stem Cells","volume":"18","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1620558114","article-title":"AXL-dependent infection of human fetal endothelial cells distinguishes Zika virus from other pathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"114","author":"Richard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal4365","article-title":"Enhancement of Zika virus pathogenesis by preexisting antiflavivirus immunity","volume":"356","author":"Bardina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"781","article-title":"Dengue Virus-Specific Antibodies Enhance Brazilian Zika Virus Infection","volume":"215","author":"Castanha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1038\/cti.2016.72","article-title":"Dengue virus antibodies enhance Zika virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Paul","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam7120","article-title":"A single mutation in the prM protein of Zika virus contributes to fetal microcephaly","volume":"358","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowall, S.D., Graham, V.A., Rayner, E., Atkinson, B., Hall, G., Watson, R.J., Bosworth, A., Bonney, L.C., Kitchen, S., and Hewson, R. (2016). A Susceptible Mouse Model for Zika Virus Infection. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/042358"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.02028","article-title":"Development of a Zika Virus Infection Model in Cynomolgus Macaques","volume":"7","author":"Koide","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"May, M., and Relich, R.F. (2016). A Comprehensive Systems Biology Approach to Studying Zika Virus. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161355"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faye, O., Freire, C.C., Iamarino, A., de Oliveira, J.V., Diallo, M., Zanotto, P.M., and Sall, A.A. (2014). Molecular evolution of Zika virus during its emergence in the 20(th) century. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002636"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2205.160065","article-title":"Phylogeny of Zika Virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lanciotti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.48","article-title":"Comparative genomic analysis of pre-epidemic and epidemic Zika virus strains for virological factors potentially associated with the rapidly expanding epidemic","volume":"5","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5316","article-title":"The 3.8 \u00c5 resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus","volume":"352","author":"Sirohi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.11.042","article-title":"Cryo-EM reconstruction of dengue virus in complex with the carbohydrate recognition domain of DC-SIGN","volume":"124","author":"Pokidysheva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.948","article-title":"Variation in virulence for mice and rhesus monkeys among St. Louis encephalitis virus strains of different origin","volume":"29","author":"Monath","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8339","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8339-8347.2005","article-title":"Envelope protein glycosylation status influences mouse neuroinvasion phenotype of genetic lineage 1 West Nile virus strains","volume":"79","author":"Beasley","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1038\/80734","article-title":"The Protein Data Bank and the challenge of structural genomics","volume":"7","author":"Berman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.013","article-title":"Structures of the Zika Virus Envelope Protein and Its Complex with a Flavivirus Broadly Protective Antibody","volume":"19","author":"Dai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W460","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm363","article-title":"PrDOS: Prediction of disordered protein regions from amino acid sequence","volume":"35","author":"Ishida","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.461","article-title":"Production of dissociated sensory neuron cultures and considerations for their use in studying neuronal function and plasticity","volume":"2","author":"Malin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barr, K.L., Anderson, B.D., Prakoso, D., and Long, M.T. (2016). Working with Zika and Usutu Viruses In Vitro. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004931"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1589","article-title":"Intrinsically unstructured proteins and their functions","volume":"6","author":"Dyson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faustino, A.F., Martins, A.S., Karguth, N., Artilheiro, V., Enguita, F.J., Ricardo, J.C., Santos, N.C., and Martins, I.C. (2019). Structural and Functional Properties of the Capsid Protein of Dengue and Related. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163870"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2019.05.003","article-title":"Protein intrinsic disorder and structure-function continuum","volume":"166","author":"Uversky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01849-15","article-title":"The Phosphatidylserine and Phosphatidylethanolamine Receptor CD300a Binds Dengue Virus and Enhances Infection","volume":"90","author":"Carnec","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jemielity, S., Wang, J.J., Chan, Y.K., Ahmed, A.A., Li, W., Monahan, S., Bu, X., Farzan, M., Freeman, G.J., and Umetsu, D.T. (2013). TIM-family proteins promote infection of multiple enveloped viruses through virion-associated phosphatidylserine. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003232"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.12.045","article-title":"Axl Mediates ZIKA Virus Entry in Human Glial Cells and Modulates Innate Immune Responses","volume":"18","author":"Meertens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14682","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1508095112","article-title":"Virion-associated phosphatidylethanolamine promotes TIM1-mediated infection by Ebola, dengue, and West Nile viruses","volume":"112","author":"Richard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Qiao, L., Hou, Z., and Luo, G. (2017). TIM-1 Promotes Hepatitis C Virus Cell Attachment and Infection. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01583-16"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.03.058","article-title":"TAM Receptors Are Not Required for Zika Virus Infection in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Hastings","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.10","article-title":"AXL is not essential for Zika virus infection in the mouse brain","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.11.011","article-title":"Genetic Ablation of AXL Does Not Protect Human Neural Progenitor Cells and Cerebral Organoids from Zika Virus Infection","volume":"19","author":"Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0263","article-title":"Differential Neurovirulence of African and Asian Genotype Zika Virus Isolates in Outbred Immunocompetent Mice","volume":"97","author":"Duggal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.04.017","article-title":"Zika Virus Disrupts Neural Progenitor Development and Leads to Microcephaly in Mice","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.143768","article-title":"Zika virus infection disrupts neurovascular development and results in postnatal microcephaly with brain damage","volume":"143","author":"Shao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"4114","article-title":"The African Zika virus MR-766 is more virulent and causes more severe brain damage than current Asian lineage and dengue virus","volume":"144","author":"Shao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.016","article-title":"Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Annamalai, A.S., Pattnaik, A., Sahoo, B.R., Muthukrishnan, E., Natarajan, S.K., Steffen, D., Vu, H.L.X., Delhon, G., Osorio, F.A., and Petro, T.M. (2017). Zika Virus Encoding Non-Glycosylated Envelope Protein is Attenuated and Defective in Neuroinvasion. J. Virol., 91.","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01348-17"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2014.05.010","article-title":"Flaviviruses are neurotropic, but how do they invade the CNS?","volume":"69","author":"Neal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/12\/1101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:38:15Z","timestamp":1760189895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/11\/12\/1101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["v11121101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v11121101","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,28]]}}}