{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T17:00:40Z","timestamp":1790614840197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]],"date-time":"2019-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1576713600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Nationale des Chasseurs","award":["FNC\u2010PSN\u2010PS1\u20102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FNC\u2010PSN\u2010PS1\u20102013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Flaviviruses have become increasingly important pathogens in Europe over the past few decades. A better understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of flaviviruses in France is needed to better define risk areas and to gain knowledge of the dynamics of virus transmission cycles. Serum samples from 1014 wild boar and 758 roe deer from 16 departments (administrative units) in France collected from 2009 to 2014 were screened for flavivirus antibodies using a competitive ELISA (cELISA) technique. Serum samples found to be positive or doubtful by cELISA were then tested for antibodies directed against West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV), Bagaza virus (BAGV), and tick-borne encephalitis\/Louping ill viruses (TBEV\/LIV) by microsphere immunoassays (except BAGV) and micro-neutralization tests. USUV antibodies were detected only in southeastern and southwestern areas. TBEV\/LIV antibodies were detected in serum samples from eastern, southwestern and northern departments. The results indicate continuous circulation of USUV in southern France from 2009 to 2014, which was unnoticed by the French monitoring system for bird mortality. The findings also confirm wider distribution of TBEV in the eastern part of the country than of human clinical cases. However, further studies are needed to determine the tick-borne flavivirus responsible for the seroconversion in southwestern and northern France.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,20]],"date-time":"2019-12-20T09:50:33Z","timestamp":1576835433000},"page":"10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Exposure of Wild Ungulates to the Usutu and Tick-Borne Encephalitis Viruses in France in 2009\u20132014: Evidence of Undetected Flavivirus Circulation a Decade Ago"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Laure","family":"Bournez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Umhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Faure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hunters Federation, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marc","family":"Boucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0957-1320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franck","family":"Bou\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, The French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), CS 40009 54220 Malz\u00e9ville, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsa","family":"Jourdain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche Epid\u00e9miologie des maladies animales et zoonotiques (UMR EPIA), 63122 Saint-Gen\u00e8s-Champanelle, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Sarasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hunters Federation, 92130 Issy-les-Moulineaux, France"},{"name":"Biologie et Ecologie des Organismes et Populations Sauvages (BEOPS), 1 Esplanade Compans Caffarelli, 31000 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Llorente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-9743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Clavero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA-CISA), 28130 Valdeolmos, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3010-6968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Moutailler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche Biologie mol\u00e9culaire et Immunologie Parasitaire (UMR BIPAR), ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandrine A.","family":"Lacour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Lecollinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 mixte de recherche (UMR) Virologie, INRAE, Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, ANSES, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.025","article-title":"Zoonotic mosquito-borne flaviviruses: Worldwide presence of agents with proven pathogenicity and potential candidates of future emerging diseases","volume":"140","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e232","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268819001213","article-title":"Usutu virus: A new threat?","volume":"147","author":"Beck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erber, W., Schmitt, H.-J., and Jankovi\u0107, T.V. (2019). Chapter 12a: Epidemiology by country\u2013an overview. Tick-Borne Enceph.-Book.","DOI":"10.33442\/978-981-14-0914-1_12a"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-015-9952-x","article-title":"Louping ill virus in the UK: A review of the hosts, transmission and ecological consequences of control","volume":"68","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2019, July 16). European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Surveillance and Disease Data for West Nile Fever. Available online: https:\/\/ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/west-nile-fever\/surveillance-and-disease-data."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6049","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10116049","article-title":"Flaviviruses in Europe: Complex circulation patterns and their consequences for the diagnosis and control of West Nile disease","volume":"10","author":"Beck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.121191","article-title":"Usutu Virus, Italy, 1996","volume":"19","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv066","article-title":"A review of West Nile and Usutu virus co-circulation in Europe: How much do transmission cycles overlap?","volume":"109","author":"Nikolay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30452","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2017.22.4.30452","article-title":"Widespread activity of multiple lineages of Usutu virus, western Europe, 2016","volume":"22","author":"Cadar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weidinger, P., Kolodziejek, J., Bakonyi, T., Brunthaler, R., Erd\u00e9lyi, K., Weissenb\u00f6ck, H., and Nowotny, N. (2019). Different dynamics of Usutu virus infections in Austria and Hungary, 2017\u20132018. Transbound. Emerg. Dis.","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13351"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.35.3.2571","article-title":"West Nile virus epizootics in the Camargue (France) in 2015 and reinforcement of surveillance and control networks: -EN- -FR- \u00c9pizootie due au virus de West Nile survenue en Camargue (France) en 2015 et renforcement des r\u00e9seaux de surveillance et de contr\u00f4le -ES- Epizootia causada por el virus West Nile en la Camarga (Francia) en 2015 y refuerzo de las redes de vigilancia y control","volume":"35","author":"Bahuon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2024","article-title":"First serological evidence of West Nile Virus in horses and dogs from Corsica island, France","volume":"17","author":"Maquart","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, N., Fern\u00e1ndez de Marco, M., Giovannini, A., Ippoliti, C., Danzetta, M., Svartz, G., Erster, O., Groschup, M., Ziegler, U., and Mirazimi, A. (2018). Emerging Mosquito-Borne Threats and the Response from European and Eastern Mediterranean Countries. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122775"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2006.0543","article-title":"Bird species potentially involved in introduction, amplification, and spread of West Nile Virus in a mediterranean wetland, the Camargue (Southern France)","volume":"7","author":"Jourdain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1166","article-title":"Recent circulation of West Nile Virus and potentially other closely related flaviviruses in Southern France","volume":"13","author":"Vittecoq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2212.161272","article-title":"Dual emergence of Usutu virus in common blackbirds, Eastern France, 2015","volume":"22","author":"Lecollinet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.03.020","article-title":"Emergence of two Usutu virus lineages in Culex pipiens mosquitoes in the Camargue, France, 2015","volume":"61","author":"Eiden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"261","article-title":"Surveillance \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique du virus Usutu dans l\u2019avifaune","volume":"22","author":"Beck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virologie"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2405.171122","article-title":"Human Usutu Virus Infection with Atypical Neurologic Presentation, Montpellier, France, 2016","volume":"24","author":"Simonin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"34","article-title":"L\u2019enc\u00e9phalite \u00e0 tique en France: Qu\u2019en savons-nous aujourd\u2019hui?","volume":"2019","author":"Velay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Francoph. Lab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2510.181923","article-title":"Tick-Borne Encephalitis in Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes Region, France, 2017\u20132018","volume":"25","author":"Velay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2008.06.008","article-title":"S\u00e9ropr\u00e9valence de la borr\u00e9liose de Lyme et de l\u2019enc\u00e9phalite \u00e0 tiques chez des professionnels expos\u00e9s dans le Grand Est de la France","volume":"38","author":"Thorin","year":"2008","journal-title":"M\u00e9decine Mal. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1806.120220","article-title":"Louping ill in goats, Spain, 2011","volume":"18","author":"Balseiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.024","article-title":"Zoonotic tick-borne flaviviruses","volume":"140","author":"Dobler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(95)90081-0","article-title":"The virus causing encephalomyelitis in sheep in Spain: A new member of the tick-borne encephalitis group","volume":"58","author":"Marin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"259","article-title":"Molecular variation, evolution and geographical distribution of louping ill virus","volume":"41","author":"Gao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"2563","article-title":"Densities of the tick (Ixodes ricinus) and coexistence of the Louping ill virus and tick borne encephalitis on the island of Bornholm","volume":"166","author":"Jensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ugeskr. Laeger"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12801","article-title":"Exposure to West Nile virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus in dogs in Spain","volume":"65","author":"Lecollinet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2042","article-title":"Circulation of zoonotic arboviruses in equine populations of Mallorca island (Spain)","volume":"17","author":"Vanhomwegen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2001.0893","article-title":"The shifting landscape of tick-borne zoonoses: Tick-borne encephalitis and Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"356","author":"Randolph","year":"2001","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2011.0843","article-title":"Do wild ungulates allow improved monitoring of flavivirus circulation in Spain?","volume":"12","author":"Boadella","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800058477","article-title":"Roe deer as sentinels for endemicity of tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"115","author":"Gerth","year":"1995","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Comparative tick-borne encephalitis (virus) surveillance in Belgium 2009\u20132015: Experiences with diagnostic tests, sentinel species and surveillance designs","volume":"1","author":"Roelandt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Zoonotic Dis Public Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra, I., Paniagua, J., Guti\u00e9rrez-Guzm\u00e1n, A.V., Lecollinet, S., Boadella, M., Arenas-Montes, A., Cano-Terriza, D., Lowenski, S., Gort\u00e1zar, C., and H\u00f6fle, U. (2016). Spatio-temporal trends and risk factors affecting West Nile virus and related flavivirus exposure in Spanish wild ruminants. BMC Vet. Res., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0876-4"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.04.019","article-title":"Antibodies to West Nile virus and related flaviviruses in wild boar, red foxes and other mesomammals from Spain","volume":"159","author":"Vicente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1438-4221(02)80008-X","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus foci in Slovakia","volume":"291","author":"Labuda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"235","article-title":"Persistence of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to JE and WN viruses in naturally infected domestic pigs in Karnataka State, India","volume":"38","author":"Geevarghese","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13262","article-title":"Influence of flavivirus co-circulation in serological diagnostics and surveillance: A model of study using West Nile, Usutu and Bagaza viruses","volume":"66","author":"Llorente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/678084","article-title":"A high-performance multiplex immunoassay for serodiagnosis of flavivirus-associated neurological diseases in horses","volume":"2015","author":"Beck","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"R Development Core team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00446","article-title":"Maternal Antibodies: Clinical Significance, Mechanism of Interference with Immune Responses, and Possible Vaccination Strategies","volume":"5","author":"Niewiesk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.02.005","article-title":"West Nile virus serosurveillance in pigs, wild boars, and roe deer in Serbia","volume":"176","author":"Saiz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2109","article-title":"Serological survey for West Nile virus in wild artiodactyls, Southern Moravia (Czech Republic)","volume":"17","author":"Rudolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"185","article-title":"Serological surveys for arboviruses in the game animals of southern Moravia (Czech Republic)","volume":"48","year":"1999","journal-title":"Folia Zool."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.06.007","article-title":"Evidence for an independent third Usutu virus introduction into Germany","volume":"192","author":"Ziegler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2016.2096","article-title":"Outbreak and Cocirculation of Three Different Usutu Virus Strains in Eastern Germany","volume":"17","author":"Sieg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0042","article-title":"West Nile and Usutu Viruses in Mosquitoes in Spain, 2008\u20132009","volume":"85","author":"Moreno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1405.071577","article-title":"Usutu Virus Sequences in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae), Spain","volume":"14","author":"Busquets","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"35","article-title":"Le r\u00e9seau SAGIR: Un outil de vigilance vis-\u00e0-vis des agents pathog\u00e8nes exotiques","volume":"66","author":"Decors","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. \u00c9pid\u00e9miologique Sant\u00e9 Anim.-Aliment."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.029","article-title":"Monitoring of Usutu virus activity and spread by using dead bird surveillance in Austria, 2003\u20132005","volume":"122","author":"Chvala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.09.018","article-title":"Emergence and establishment of Usutu virus infection in wild and captive avian species in and around Zurich, Switzerland\u2014Genomic and pathologic comparison to other central European outbreaks","volume":"148","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2013.1510","article-title":"Comparison of complete genome sequences of Usutu Virus strains detected in Spain, Central Europe, and Africa","volume":"14","author":"Bakonyi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1746","article-title":"Epidemic spread of Usutu virus in Southwest Germany in 2011 to 2013 and monitoring of wild birds for Usutu and West Nile viruses","volume":"15","author":"Ziegler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30391","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.45.30391","article-title":"Widespread Usutu virus outbreak in birds in the Netherlands, 2016","volume":"21","author":"Rijks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0704.017417","article-title":"West Nile outbreak in horses in southern France, 2000: The return after 35 years","volume":"7","author":"Murgue","year":"2001","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1010.031021","article-title":"Human West Nile virus, France","volume":"10","author":"Schuffenecker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1401.070630","article-title":"Magpies as hosts for West Nile Virus, Southern France","volume":"14","author":"Jourdain","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.02.022","article-title":"Risk mapping of West Nile virus circulation in Spain, 2015","volume":"169","author":"Amela","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1498","article-title":"Bagaza Virus in Partridges and Pheasants, Spain, 2010","volume":"17","author":"Aguero","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1906.130122","article-title":"Flaviviruses in game birds, Southern Spain, 2011\u20132012","volume":"19","author":"Llorente","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0233-9","article-title":"Bagaza virus is pathogenic and transmitted by direct contact in experimentally infected partridges, but is not infectious in house sparrows and adult mice","volume":"46","author":"Llorente","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2644","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.012336-0","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Bagaza virus (BAGV) isolated in India and evidence of anti-BAGV antibodies in sera collected from encephalitis patients","volume":"90","author":"Bondre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-014-0818-z","article-title":"Clinical infection of Cantabrian chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva) by louping ill virus: New concern for mountain ungulate conservation?","volume":"60","author":"Balseiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holding, M., Dowall, S.D., Medlock, J.M., Carter, D.P., Pullan, S.T., Lewis, J., Vipond, R., Rocchi, M.S., Baylis, M., and Hewson, R. (2020). Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus, United Kingdom. Emerg. Infect. Dis., 26.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2601.191085"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuivanen, S., Levanov, L., Kareinen, L., Sironen, T., J\u00e4\u00e4skel\u00e4inen, A.J., Plyusnin, I., Zakham, F., Emmerich, P., Schmidt-Chanasit, J., and Hepojoki, J. (2019). Detection of novel tick-borne pathogen, Alongshan virus, in Ixodes ricinus ticks, south-eastern Finland, 2019. Euro Surveill, 24.","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.27.1900394"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2014.06.007","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus in wild game from Saxony, Germany","volume":"5","author":"Balling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.2011.00961.x","article-title":"Determinants of tick-borne encephalitis virus antibody presence in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) sera","volume":"26","author":"Kiffner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Vet. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2478\/v10213-012-0049-6","article-title":"Prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus antibodies in domestic and game animals from Eastern Poland","volume":"56","author":"Cisak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Gomez Martinez, C. (2014). Role of Cervids and Wild Boar on the Presence of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus in Sweden. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e646","article-title":"Tickborne encephalitis virus antibodies in wild cervids in Belgium","volume":"170","author":"Linden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"31099","article-title":"First TBEV serological screening in Flemish wild boar","volume":"6","author":"Roelandt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"29862","article-title":"Serologic screening for 13 infectious agents in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Flanders","volume":"5","author":"Tavernier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1107.041265","article-title":"Survey of tickborne infections in Denmark","volume":"11","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"75","article-title":"The role of large herbivores in Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. dynamics","volume":"Volume 4","author":"Braks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecology and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1599-x","article-title":"Dermacentor reticulatus: A vector on the rise","volume":"9","author":"Szekeres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/1\/10\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:43:50Z","timestamp":1760190230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/1\/10"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]}},"alternative-id":["v12010010"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12010010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,19]]}}}