{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1790801544806,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DG SANTE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DG SANTE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurological disorders represent an important sanitary and economic threat for the equine industry worldwide. Among nervous diseases, viral encephalitis is of growing concern, due to the emergence of arboviruses and to the high contagiosity of herpesvirus-infected horses. The nature, severity and duration of the clinical signs could be different depending on the etiological agent and its virulence. However, definite diagnosis generally requires the implementation of combinations of direct and\/or indirect screening assays in specialized laboratories. The equine practitioner, involved in a mission of prevention and surveillance, plays an important role in the clinical diagnosis of viral encephalitis. The general management of the horse is essentially supportive, focused on controlling pain and inflammation within the central nervous system, preventing injuries and providing supportive care. Despite its high medical relevance and economic impact in the equine industry, vaccines are not always available and there is no specific antiviral therapy. In this review, the major virological, clinical and epidemiological features of the main neuropathogenic viruses inducing encephalitis in equids in Europe, including rabies virus (Rhabdoviridae), Equid herpesviruses (Herpesviridae), Borna disease virus (Bornaviridae) and West Nile virus (Flaviviridae), as well as exotic viruses, will be presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]],"date-time":"2019-12-24T10:28:43Z","timestamp":1577183323000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Viral Equine Encephalitis, a Growing Threat to the Horse Population in Europe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8535-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sylvie","family":"Lecollinet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche) 1161 Virologie, Anses (the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), INRAE (French National Institute of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Research), Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"RESPE (R\u00e9seau d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mio-surveillance en pathologie \u00e9quine), 14280 Saint-Contest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Pronost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RESPE (R\u00e9seau d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mio-surveillance en pathologie \u00e9quine), 14280 Saint-Contest, France"},{"name":"LAB\u00c9O, 14280 Saint-Contest, France"},{"name":"BIOTARGEN, UNICAEN, NORMANDIE UNIV, 14000 Caen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Coulpier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche) 1161 Virologie, Anses (the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), INRAE (French National Institute of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Research), Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9053-1416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche) 1161 Virologie, Anses (the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), INRAE (French National Institute of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Research), Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"},{"name":"RESPE (R\u00e9seau d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mio-surveillance en pathologie \u00e9quine), 14280 Saint-Contest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaelle","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR (Unit\u00e9 Mixte de Recherche) 1161 Virologie, Anses (the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety), INRAE (French National Institute of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Research), Ecole Nationale V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire d\u2019Alfort, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9136-4544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"Leblond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR EPIA (Epid\u00e9miologie des Maladies Animales et Zoonotiques), INRAE, VetAgro Sup, Universit\u00e9 de Lyon, 69280 Marcy L\u2019Etoile, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Tritz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RESPE (R\u00e9seau d\u2019\u00e9pid\u00e9mio-surveillance en pathologie \u00e9quine), 14280 Saint-Contest, France"},{"name":"Clinique V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, 19 rue de Cr\u00e9hange, 57380 Faulquemont, France"},{"name":"AVEF (Association V\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire Equine Fran\u00e7aise), Committee on Infectious Diseases, 75011 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2006.03.003","article-title":"Meningitis and encephalomyelitis in horses","volume":"22","author":"Livesey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. 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