{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T11:19:04Z","timestamp":1788779944750,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]],"date-time":"2020-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010547","name":"Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["054\/12\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["054\/12\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010547","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections in the same patient presents a unique clinical challenge. The impact of HCV infection on the immune response to TB remains poorly investigated in TB+\/HCV+ patients. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of HCV on the T-cell-mediated immune response to TB in coinfected patients. Sixty-four patients with active TB infections were screened for coinfection with HCV. The expression of immune activation markers IFN-\u03b3, CD38, and HLA-DR on TB-specific CD4+ T cells was evaluated by flow cytometry in TB-monoinfected patients, TB\/HCV-coinfected patients, and healthy controls. IL-2, IL-4, IFN-\u03b3, TNF-\u03b1, and IL-10 levels were measured using ELISA. The end-of-treatment response to anti-TB therapy was recorded for both patient groups. Significantly lower levels of CD4+IFN-\u03b3+CD38+ and CD4+IFN-\u03b3+HLA-DR+ T cells were detected in TB\/HCV-coinfected patients compared to TB monoinfected patients and controls. TB+\/HCV+-coinfected patients showed higher serum levels of IL-10. The baseline frequencies of TB-specific activated T-cell subsets did not predict the response to antituberculous therapy in TB+\/HCV+ patients. We concluded that different subsets of TB-specific CD4+ T cells in TB\/HCV-infected individuals are partially impaired in early-stage HCV infection. This was combined with increased serum IL-10 level. Such immune modulations may represent a powerful risk factor for disease progression in patients with HCV\/TB coinfection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,17]],"date-time":"2020-01-17T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1579234481000},"page":"101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Hepatitis C Virus Affects Tuberculosis-Specific T Cells in HIV-Negative Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Ahmed","family":"El-Mokhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherein G.","family":"Elgendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7549-3394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer Sharaf","family":"Eldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2575-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham Ahmed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Abdel Azeem","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chest Diseases and Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhamad R.","family":"Abdel Hameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Hematology Unit, Assiut University Hospitals, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douaa","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eman H.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2019). 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