{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T03:24:51Z","timestamp":1792639491671,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]],"date-time":"2020-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human rabies post mortem diagnostic samples are often preserved in formalin. While immunohistochemistry (IHC) has been routinely used for rabies antigen detection in formalin-fixed tissue, the formalin fixation process causes nucleic acid fragmentation that may affect PCR amplification. This study reports the diagnosis of rabies in an individual from the Dominican Republic using both IHC and the LN34 pan-lyssavirus real-time RT-PCR assay on formalin-fixed brain tissue. The LN34 assay generates a 165 bp amplicon and demonstrated higher sensitivity than traditional PCR. Multiple efforts to amplify nucleic acid fragments larger than 300 bp using conventional PCR were unsuccessful, probably due to RNA fragmentation. Sequences generated from the LN34 amplicon linked the case to the rabies virus (RABV) strain circulating in the Ouest Department of Haiti to the border region between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Direct sequencing of the LN34 amplicon allowed rapid and low-cost rabies genetic typing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12010120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T04:27:09Z","timestamp":1579494429000},"page":"120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Using the LN34 Pan-Lyssavirus Real-Time RT-PCR Assay for Rabies Diagnosis and Rapid Genetic Typing from Formalin-Fixed Human Brain Tissue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9812-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rene Edgar","family":"Condori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Niezgoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Griselda","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Salud P\u00fablica \u201cDr. Defillo\u201d, 10105 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen Acosta","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direccion de Salud Pedernales, Pedernales 84000, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elinna Diaz","family":"Mateo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Prevenci\u00f3n y Control de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores y Zoonosis (CECOVEZ), 10308 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2169-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crystal","family":"Gigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Hartloge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Altagracia Pereira","family":"Filpo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Salud P\u00fablica \u201cDr. Defillo\u201d, 10105 Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Haim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Minist\u00e8re de l\u2019Agriculture, des Resources Naturelles et du D\u00e9veloppement Rural, Department of Animal Health, HT 6110, Republic of Haiti"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panayampalli Subbian","family":"Satheshkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett","family":"Petersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Wallace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pox and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hampson, K., Coudeville, L., Lembo, T., Sambo, M., Kieffer, A., Attlan, M., Barrat, J., Blanton, J.D., Briggs, D.J., and Cleaveland, S. 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