{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T22:25:11Z","timestamp":1774563911610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]],"date-time":"2020-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1DP2DA044550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1DP2DA044550"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The WW Smith Charitable Trust","award":["A1702"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A1702"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antiretroviral therapy (ART) lowers human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load to undetectable levels, but does not eliminate the latent reservoir. One of the factors controlling the latent reservoir is transcriptional silencing of the integrated HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). The molecular mechanisms that control HIV-1 transcription are not completely understood. We have previously shown that RUNX1, a host transcription factor, may play a role in the establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 latency. Prior work has demonstrated that inhibition of RUNX1 by the benzodiazepine (BDZ) Ro5-3335 synergizes with suberanilohydroxamic acid (SAHA) to activate HIV-1 transcription. In this current work, we examine the effect of RUNX1 inhibition on the chromatin state of the integrated HIV-1 LTR. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), we found that Ro5-3335 significantly increased the occupancy of STAT5 at the HIV-1 LTR. We also screened other BDZs for their ability to regulate HIV-1 transcription and demonstrate their ability to increase transcription and alter chromatin at the LTR without negatively affecting Tat activity. These findings shed further light on the mechanism by which RUNX proteins control HIV-1 transcription and suggest that BDZ compounds might be useful in activating HIV-1 transcription through STAT5 recruitment to the HIV-1 LTR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Benzodiazepines Drive Alteration of Chromatin at the Integrated HIV-1 LTR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Weam","family":"Elbezanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Schirling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandria","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Marshall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel Van","family":"Duyne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Maldarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6491-5088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Sardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Currently at Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, MRL, Merck &amp; Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Klase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"},{"name":"Substance Use Disorder Institute, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13193","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.24.13193","article-title":"Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"94","author":"Chun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. 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