{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:43:57Z","timestamp":1790502237478,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In early December 2019 a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause was identified in Wuhan, a city of 11 million persons in the People\u2019s Republic of China. Further investigation revealed these cases to result from infection with a newly identified coronavirus, initially termed 2019-nCoV and subsequently SARS-CoV-2. The infection moved rapidly through China, spread to Thailand and Japan, extended into adjacent countries through infected persons travelling by air, eventually reaching multiple countries and continents. Similar to such other coronaviruses as those causing the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the new coronavirus was reported to spread via natural aerosols from human-to-human. In the early stages of this epidemic the case fatality rate is estimated to be approximately 2%, with the majority of deaths occurring in special populations. Unfortunately, there is limited experience with coronavirus infections during pregnancy, and it now appears certain that pregnant women have become infected during the present 2019-nCoV epidemic. In order to assess the potential of the Wuhan 2019-nCoV to cause maternal, fetal and neonatal morbidity and other poor obstetrical outcomes, this communication reviews the published data addressing the epidemiological and clinical effects of SARS, MERS, and other coronavirus infections on pregnant women and their infants. Recommendations are also made for the consideration of pregnant women in the design, clinical trials, and implementation of future 2019-nCoV vaccines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":719,"title":["Potential Maternal and Infant Outcomes from Coronavirus 2019-nCoV (SARS-CoV-2) Infecting Pregnant Women: Lessons from SARS, MERS, and Other Human Coronavirus Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7486-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5855-9614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley L.","family":"Graham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2016.11.007","article-title":"Epidemic and emerging coronaviruses (severe acute respiratory syndrome and Middle East respiratory syndrome)","volume":"38","author":"Hui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Xu, Y., Bao, L., Zhang, L., Yu, P., Qu, Y., Zhu, H., Zhao, W., Han, Y., and Qin, C. (2019). From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"ICTV 9th Report (2011) (2020, February 06). Coronaviridae. Available online: https:\/\/talk.ictvonline.org\/ictv-reports\/ictv_9th_report\/positive-sense-rna-viruses-2011\/w\/posrna_viruses\/222\/coronaviridae."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perlman, S. (2020). Another decade, another coronavirus. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2001126"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.07.001","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome: Historical, epidemiologic, and clinical features","volume":"33","author":"Hui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y., Ren, R., Leung, K.S.M., Lau, E.H.Y., and Wong, J.Y. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., Zhao, X., Huang, B., Shi, W., and Lu, R. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (2020, January 31). Wuhan Seafood Market May Not Be Source of Novel Virus Spreading Globally. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencemag.org\/news\/2020\/01\/wuhan-seafood-market-may-not-be-source-novel-virus-spreading-globally.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb0611"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., Zhang, L., Fan, G., Xu, J., and Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"WHO (2020, January 30). Statement on the Second Meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee Regarding the Outbreak of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/30-01-2020-statement-on-the-second-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-outbreak-of-novel-coronavirus-(2019-nCoV)."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"WHO (2020, February 09). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Situation Report\u201320. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200209-sitrep-20-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=6f80d1b9_2."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wee, S.-L., McNeil, D.G., and Hern\u00e1ndez, J.C. (2020, January 31). W.H.O. Declares Global Emergency as Wuhan Coronavirus Spreads. Available online: https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/01\/30\/health\/coronavirus-world-health-organization.html."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"413","article-title":"Antepartum pneumonia in pregnancy","volume":"144","author":"Benedetti","year":"1982","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(90)91109-P","article-title":"Risk factors associated with the increasing prevalence of pneumonia during pregnancy","volume":"163","author":"Berkowitz","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(89)90373-6","article-title":"Pneumonia during pregnancy: Has modern technology improved maternal and fetal outcome?","volume":"161","author":"Madinger","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(71)90664-8","article-title":"Indirect obstetric deaths in the state of Michigan 1960\u20131968","volume":"109","author":"Visscher","year":"1971","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1097\/00003081-199603000-00011","article-title":"Pneumonia during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Rigby","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1211.060152","article-title":"Emerging infections and pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Jamieson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Reece, E.A., Hobbins., J.C., Mahoney, M.J., and Petrie, R.H. (1992). Immunobiologic adaptations of pregnancy. Medicine of the Fetus and Mother, JB Lippincott Company."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"320","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure in pregnancy due to staphylococcal pneumonia","volume":"76","author":"Nyhan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ir. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1980.121.3.559","article-title":"Pregnancy and the lung","volume":"121","author":"Weinberger","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Resp. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1919.02610140008002","article-title":"Influenza occurring in pregnant women; a statistical study of thirteen hundred and fifty cases","volume":"72","author":"Harris","year":"1919","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1961.03040220024005","article-title":"Observations on excess mortality associated with epidemic influenza","volume":"176","author":"Eickhoff","year":"1961","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Government of Canada (2020, February 02). Learning from SARS: Renewal of Public Health in Canada\u2014SARS in Canada: Anatomy of an Outbreak. Available online: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/reports-publications\/learning-sars-renewal-public-health-canada\/chapter-2-sars-canada-anatomy-outbreak.html."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Peterson, M.J. (2020, February 02). Reporting Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Appendix A: Chronology. Available online: https:\/\/www.umass.edu\/sts\/pdfs\/SARS_AChrono.pdf."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"WHO (2020, January 30). Consensus Document on the Epidemiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/csr\/sars\/en\/WHOconsensus.pdf."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.03008.x","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome and pregnancy","volume":"110","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.11.019","article-title":"Pregnancy and perinatal outcomes of women with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"191","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F405","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.88.5.F405","article-title":"Infection control for SARS in a tertiary neonatal centre","volume":"88","author":"Ng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000078174","article-title":"SARS in newborns and children","volume":"85","author":"Ng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Neonate."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2017.04.024","article-title":"No. 225-Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"39","author":"Maxwell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00199.x","article-title":"A case-controlled study comparing clinical course and outcomes of pregnant and non-pregnant women with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"111","author":"Lam","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"516","article-title":"Clinical analysis of pregnancy in second and third trimesters complicated severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1002.030736","article-title":"SARS and pregnancy: A case report","volume":"10","author":"Robertson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/1091592304265557","article-title":"SARS in pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Schneider","year":"2004","journal-title":"AWHONN Lifelines"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1009.040244","article-title":"SARS during pregnancy, United States","volume":"10","author":"Stockman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000151598.49129.de","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome in pregnancy","volume":"105","author":"Yudin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e254","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.4.e254","article-title":"Infants born to mothers with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"112","author":"Shek","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F461","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.075309","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in neonates and children","volume":"90","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020600696280","article-title":"The placentas of patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: A pathophysiological evaluation","volume":"38","author":"Ng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030634","article-title":"Identification of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Canada","volume":"348","author":"Poutanen","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13168-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"361","author":"Seto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600803","article-title":"The SARS epidemic in Hong Kong: What lessons have we learned?","volume":"96","author":"Hung","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34155-X","article-title":"Management guidelines for obstetric patients and neonates born to mothers with suspected or probable severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)","volume":"31","author":"Maxwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"WHO (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Background. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/mers-cov\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw412","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection during pregnancy: A report of 5 cases from Saudi Arabia","volume":"63","author":"Assiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Fact Sheet, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/mers\/downloads\/factsheet-mers_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.10.1717","article-title":"MERS-CoV infection in pregnant woman in Korea","volume":"32","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"CDC (2020, January 31). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) Overview, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/mers\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303729","article-title":"Family cluster of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections","volume":"368","author":"Memish","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.26719\/2013.19.supp1.S12","article-title":"Novel coronavirus infections in Jordan, April 2012: Epidemiological findings from a retrospective investigation","volume":"19","author":"Hijawi","year":"2013","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1408636","article-title":"2014 MERS-CoV outbreak in Jeddah\u2014A link to health care facilities","volume":"372","author":"Oboho","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2204.151615","article-title":"Transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections in healthcare settings, Abu Dhabi","volume":"22","author":"Hunter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2018.031","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome: What we learned from the 2015 outbreak in the Republic of Korea","volume":"33","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0544-0","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) origin and animal reservoir","volume":"13","author":"Mohd","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12401","article-title":"Dromedary camels and the transmission of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","volume":"64","author":"Hemida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alserehi, H., Wali, G., Alshukairi, A., and Alraddadi, B. (2016). Impact of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) on pregnancy and perinatal outcome. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1437-y"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"41","article-title":"An Overview of the latest infectious diseases around the world","volume":"3","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comm. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2203.151049","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus during pregnancy, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 2013","volume":"22","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2018.04.005","article-title":"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection during pregnancy: Report of two cases & review of literature","volume":"52","author":"Alfaraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu068","article-title":"Stillbirth during infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"209","author":"Payne","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2017.1271712","article-title":"Update on therapeutic options for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)","volume":"15","author":"Memish","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patbio.2007.07.013","article-title":"Vertical transmission of human coronavirus. Prospective pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Gagneur","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0505-7","article-title":"Materno-fetal transmission of human coronaviruses: A prospective pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Gagneur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00005-06","article-title":"Emerging respiratory viruses: Challenges and vaccine strategies","volume":"19","author":"Subbarao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1310.070576","article-title":"Duration of antibody responses after severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/2965cfae-b77d-4014-8b7b-236e01a35492","article-title":"Immunization with SARS coronavirus vaccines leads to pulmonary immunopathology on challenge with the SARS virus","volume":"7","author":"Tseng","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A. (2018). Clinical trials and administration of Zika virus vaccine in pregnant women: Lessons (that should have been) learned from excluding immunization with the Ebola vaccine during pregnancy and lactation. Vaccines (Basel), 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6040081"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz, D.A. (2020). Being pregnant during the Kivu Ebola virus outbreak in DR Congo: The rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine and its accessibility by mothers and infants during humanitarian crises and in conflict areas. Vaccines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8010038"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-019-00195-w","article-title":"Maternal and infant death and the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccine through three recent Ebola virus epidemics-West Africa, DRC \u00c9quateur and DRC Kivu: 4 years of excluding pregnant and lactating women and their infants from immunization","volume":"6","author":"Schwartz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (2020, January 29). CEPI to Fund Three Programmes to Develop Vaccines against the Novel Coronavirus, nCoV-2019. 23 January 2020. Available online: https:\/\/cepi.net\/news_cepi\/cepi-to-fund-three-programmes-to-develop-vaccines-against-the-novel-coronavirus-ncov-2019\/."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Pong, W. (2020, February 02). A Dozen Vaccine Programs Underway as WHO Declares Coronavirus Public Health Emergency. Biocentury. 30 January 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.biocentury.com\/article\/304328\/industry-and-academic-centers-are-rushing-to-create-new-vaccines-and-therapeutics-targeting-coronavirus."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"WHO (2020, January 31). WHO Target Product Profiles for MERS-CoV Vaccines. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/blueprint\/what\/research-development\/MERS_CoV_TPP_15052017.pdf?ua=1."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-019-00190-1","article-title":"When is it acceptable to vaccinate pregnant women? Risk, ethics, and politics of governance in epidemic crises","volume":"6","author":"Graham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Trop. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Steinbuch, Y. (2020, February 09). Chinese Baby Tests Positive for Coronavirus 30 Hours after Birth. Available online: https:\/\/nypost.com\/2020\/02\/05\/chinese-baby-tests-positive-for-coronavirus-30-hours-after-birth\/."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Woodward, A. (2020, February 08). A Pregnant Mother Infected with the Coronavirus Gave Birth, and Her Baby Tested Positive 30 Hours Later. Available online: https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/wuhan-coronavirus-in-infant-born-from-infected-mother-2020-2."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Gillespie, T. (2020, February 08). Coronavirus: Doctors Fear Pregnant Women Can Pass on Illness after Newborn Baby Is Diagnosed. Available online: https:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/coronavirus-doctors-fear-pregnant-women-can-pass-on-illness-after-newborn-baby-is-diagnosed-11926968."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Science Media Centre (2020, February 09). Expert Reaction to Newborn Baby Testing Positive for Coronavirus in Wuhan. Available online: https:\/\/www.sciencemediacentre.org\/expert-reaction-to-newborn-baby-testing-positive-for-coronavirus-in-wuhan\/."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2016-0382-RA","article-title":"Zika virus infection in pregnancy, microcephaly and maternal and fetal health\u2014What we think, what we know, and what we think we know","volume":"141","author":"Alvarado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/2\/194\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:56:30Z","timestamp":1760172990000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/2\/194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v12020194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12020194","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.737370852.793572586","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]}}}