{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:04:10Z","timestamp":1792015450108,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581379200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Histiocytic sarcomas represent malignant tumors which require new treatment strategies. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a promising candidate due to its oncolytic features reported in a canine histiocytic sarcoma cell line (DH82 cells). Interestingly, the underlying mechanism might include a dysregulation of angiogenesis. Based on these findings, the aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of a persistent CDV-infection on oxidative stress mediated changes in the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1\u03b1 and its angiogenic downstream pathway in DH82 cells in vitro. Microarray data analysis, immunofluorescence for 8-hydroxyguanosine, superoxide dismutase 2 and catalase, and flow cytometry for oxidative burst displayed an increased oxidative stress in persistently CDV-infected DH82 cells (DH82Ond pi) compared to controls. The HIF-1\u03b1 expression in DH82Ond pi increased, as demonstrated by Western blot, and showed an unexpected, often sub-membranous distribution, as shown by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Furthermore, microarray data analysis and immunofluorescence confirmed a reduced expression of VEGF-B in DH82Ond pi compared to controls. In summary, these results suggest a reduced activation of the HIF-1\u03b1 angiogenic downstream pathway in DH82Ond pi cells in vitro, most likely due to an excessive, unusually localized, and non-functional expression of HIF-1\u03b1 triggered by a CDV-induced increased oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]],"date-time":"2020-02-11T09:25:21Z","timestamp":1581413121000},"page":"200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Oxidative Stress in Canine Histiocytic Sarcoma Cells Induced by an Infection with Canine Distemper Virus Led to a Dysregulation of HIF-1\u03b1 Downstream Pathway Resulting in a Reduced Expression of VEGF-B In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2578-4409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Armando","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4689-5132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Gambini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2018Universit\u00e1 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Pathology Unit, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9195-4085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET), Universit\u00e1 degli Studi di Milano, Via dell\u2018Universit\u00e1 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa Maria","family":"Pfankuche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"Brogden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friederike","family":"Attig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7712-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maren","family":"von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Baumg\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Puff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, B\u00fcnteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hedan, B., Thomas, R., Motsinger-Reif, A., Abadie, J., Andre, C., Cullen, J., and Breen, M. (2011). Molecular cytogenetic characterization of canine histiocytic sarcoma: A spontaneous model for human histiocytic cancer identifies deletion of tumor suppressor genes and highlights influence of genetic background on tumor behavior. BMC Cancer, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2407-11-201"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schiffman, J.D., and Breen, M. (2015). Comparative oncology: What dogs and other species can teach us about humans with cancer. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 370.","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2014.0231"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc0736","article-title":"Clinical trial results with oncolytic virotherapy: A century of promise, a decade of progress","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.01.002","article-title":"Viruses for tumor therapy","volume":"15","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3109\/08830189109114875","article-title":"Viral oncolysates as human tumor vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Sinkovics","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-11-4558","article-title":"Oncolytic measles virus in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas mounts antitumor immune responses in vivo and targets interferon-resistant tumor cells","volume":"106","author":"Heinzerling","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1750","article-title":"Recent progress in the battle between oncolytic viruses and tumours","volume":"5","author":"Parato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2340","DOI":"10.3390\/v6062340","article-title":"Viral oncolysis\u2014Can insights from measles be transferred to canine distemper virus?","volume":"6","author":"Lapp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1944","article-title":"In vitro canine distemper virus infection of canine lymphoid cells: A prelude to oncolytic therapy for lymphoma","volume":"11","author":"Suter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.120","article-title":"Phase I trial of systemic administration of edmonston strain of measles virus genetically engineered to express the sodium iodide symporter in patients with recurrent or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"31","author":"Dispenzieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13023","article-title":"Reduced angiogenic gene expression in morbillivirus-triggered oncolysis in a translational model for histiocytic sarcoma","volume":"21","author":"Pfankuche","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1089\/088282402760312368","article-title":"Cell type-dependent cytokine expression after canine distemper virus infection","volume":"15","author":"Fonfara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21262","article-title":"Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA","volume":"65","author":"Torre","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x","article-title":"Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK","volume":"51","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813510413","article-title":"A Review of Histiocytic Diseases of Dogs and Cats","volume":"51","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1159\/000340066","article-title":"Histiocytic sarcoma\u2013Targeted therapy: Novel therapeutic options? A series of 4 cases","volume":"35","author":"Schlick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Onkologie"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5810.2006.00090.x","article-title":"Histiocytic sarcomas in flat-coated retrievers: a summary of 37 cases (November 1998-March 2005)","volume":"4","author":"Fidel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000131541.95394.23","article-title":"Extranodal histiocytic sarcoma: Clinicopathologic analysis of 14 cases of a rare epithelioid malignancy","volume":"28","author":"Hornick","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02623551","article-title":"A macrophage-monocyte cell line from a dog with malignant histiocytosis","volume":"24","author":"Wellman","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.03.026","article-title":"Influence of persistent canine distemper virus infection on expression of RECK, matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in a canine macrophage\/monocytic tumour cell line (DH82)","volume":"182","author":"Puff","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167517","article-title":"Persistent morbillivirus infection leads to altered cortactin distribution in histiocytic sarcoma cells with decreased cellular migration capacity","volume":"11","author":"Pfankuche","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.02.013","article-title":"Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation","volume":"144","author":"Hanahan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.02.014","article-title":"Impact of tumor microenvironment on oncolytic viral therapy","volume":"21","author":"Wojton","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"187","article-title":"Reovirus and tumor oncolysis","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01741552","article-title":"Persistent measles virus infection enhances major histocompatibility complex class I expression and immunogenicity of murine neuroblastoma cells","volume":"34","author":"Gopas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(85)90173-X","article-title":"Persistent viral infection affects tumorigenicity of a neuroblastoma cell line","volume":"90","author":"Schattner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40336-017-0231-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hypoxia in cancer","volume":"5","author":"Challapalli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.04.040","article-title":"The role of antioxidants in the chemistry of oxidative stress: A review","volume":"97","author":"Pisoschi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5149","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species in inflammation and tissue injury","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxidants Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.03.034","article-title":"ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress","volume":"24","author":"Schieber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Attig, F., Spitzbarth, I., Kalkuhl, A., Deschl, U., Puff, C., Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., and Ulrich, R. (2019). Reactive oxygen species are key mediators of demyelination in canine distemper leukoencephalitis but not in Theiler\u2019s murine encephalomyelitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133217"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.6.2790-2797.1989","article-title":"Antiviral antibodies stimulate production of reactive oxygen species in cultured canine brain cells infected with canine distemper virus","volume":"63","author":"Griot","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00688176","article-title":"Antibody-induced generation of reactive oxygen radicals by brain macrophages in canine distemper encephalitis: a mechanism for bystander demyelination","volume":"78","author":"Griot","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"462","article-title":"Relationship between canine distemper and oxidative stress in dogs","volume":"159","author":"Karadeniz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Vet. (Toulouse)."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.05.001","article-title":"Microglial cell activation in demyelinating canine distemper lesions","volume":"153","author":"Stein","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032803","article-title":"Morbillivirus glycoprotein expression induces ER stress, alters Ca2+ homeostasis and results in the release of vasostatin","volume":"7","author":"Brunner","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms14010434","article-title":"An involvement of oxidative stress in endoplasmic reticulum stress and its associated diseases","volume":"14","author":"Bhandary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiaschi, T., and Chiarugi, P. (2012). Oxidative stress, tumor microenvironment, and metabolic reprogramming: A diabolic liaison. Int. J. Cell Biol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/762825"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-012513-104720","article-title":"Oxygen sensing, hypoxia-inducible factors, and disease pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Semenza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.2985","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mechanisms in the hypoxic tissue: Role of HIF-1 and ROS","volume":"31","author":"Zepeda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2008.02.044","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and angiogenesis NADPH oxidase as target for cancer therapy","volume":"266","author":"Nakamura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1177\/1947601911423654","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced angiogenesis: good and evil","volume":"2","author":"Krock","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.1999.00184.x","article-title":"Characterization of a canine CD44 specific monoclonal antibody","volume":"46","author":"Alldinger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Ser. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1113","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1057","article-title":"ArrayExpress update-simplifying data submissions","volume":"43","author":"Kolesnikov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.004","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species and cancer paradox: To promote or to suppress?","volume":"104","author":"Galadari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623309356453","article-title":"Oxidative stress and oxidative damage in carcinogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Klaunig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D619","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1033","article-title":"Genenames.org: The HGNC and VGNC resources in 2017","volume":"45","author":"Yates","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalman, M.R., Deeter, A., Nimishakavi, G., and Duan, Z.H. (2012). Fold change and p-value cutoffs significantly alter microarray interpretations. BMC Bioinform., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-13-S2-S11"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28109-2","article-title":"Experimental infection of dromedaries with Middle East respiratory syndrome-Coronavirus is accompanied by massive ciliary loss and depletion of the cell surface receptor dipeptidyl peptidase","volume":"8","author":"Haverkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allnoch, L., Baumg\u00e4rtner, W., and Hansmann, F. (2019). Impact of astrocyte depletion upon inflammation and demyelination in a murine animal model of multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163922"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20160402","article-title":"Case study on the pathophysiology of Fabry disease: Abnormalities of cellular membranes can be reversed by substrate reduction in vitro","volume":"37","author":"Brogden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3127","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900235","article-title":"Intracellular neutrophil oxidants: from laboratory curiosity to clinical reality","volume":"202","author":"Dahlgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2011.09.005","article-title":"TXNIP (VDUP-1, TBP-2): A major redox regulator commonly suppressed in cancer by epigenetic mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-017-0424-5","article-title":"Inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis by silkworm storage protein 1","volume":"23","author":"Cha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.13.10.1211","article-title":"Stress signaling from the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum: Coordination of gene transcriptional and translational controls","volume":"13","author":"Kaufman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2007.09.003","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum and the unfolded protein response","volume":"18","author":"Malhotra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400779","article-title":"Mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Szegezdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4613","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2014.66","article-title":"Exosomal HIF1\u03b1 supports invasive potential of nasopharyngeal carcinoma-associated LMP1-positive exosomes","volume":"33","author":"Aga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11952","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.21.11952-11961.2004","article-title":"Cell surface delivery of the measles virus nucleoprotein: a viral strategy to induce immunosuppression","volume":"78","author":"Marie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2537","article-title":"Tumor angiogenesis: Molecular pathways and therapeutic targets","volume":"17","author":"Weis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-010-9225-4","article-title":"Metastasis: Cancer cell\u2019s escape from oxidative stress","volume":"29","author":"Pani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.023","article-title":"Severe oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions coincides with enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression","volume":"45","author":"Schreibelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00e9ry, C., Witwer, K.W., Aikawa, E., Alcaraz, M.J., Anderson, J.D., Andriantsitohaina, R., Antoniou, A., Arab, T., Archer, F., and Atkin-Smith, G.K. (2018). Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines. J. Extracell. Vesicles, 7.","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1535750"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.76.12.6601","article-title":"Antigenic relationships between measles and canine distemper viruses: Comparison of immune response in animals and humans to individual virus-specific polypeptides","volume":"76","author":"Stephenson","year":"1979","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2018.00039","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B and Its Signaling","volume":"5","author":"Lal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00028.2013","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-B in physiology and disease","volume":"94","author":"Bry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.3.4.9459","article-title":"VEGF-B. A survival, or an angiogenic factor?","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3174","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000623","article-title":"Newcastle disease virus degrades HIF-1\u03b1 through proteasomal pathways independent of VHL and p53","volume":"97","author":"Stanbridge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/2\/200\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:56:54Z","timestamp":1760173014000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/2\/200"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["v12020200"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12020200","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,11]]}}}