{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:44:06Z","timestamp":1760237046618,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program","award":["2017YFD0500806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFD0500806"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging pathogenic flavivirus responsible for massive economic losses in the duck industry. However, commercially inactivated DTMUV vaccines have been ineffective at inducing protective immunity in ducks. The widely used adjuvant cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) reportedly improve humoral and cellular immunities in animal models. However, its effectiveness in DTMUV vaccines requires validation. Here, we assessed the protective efficacy of pUC18-CpG as an adjuvant in an inactivated live DTMUV vaccine in ducks. Our results revealed that the serum hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titers, positive rates of anti-DTMUV antibodies, the concentration of serum cytokines, and protection efficacy were significantly increased in ducks immunized with pUC18-CpG compared to that in the control group. Moreover, ducks immunized with a full vaccine dose containing a half dose of antigen supplemented with 40 \u03bcg of pUC18-CpG exhibited the most potent responses. This study suggests that pUC18-CpG is a promising adjuvant against DTMUV, which might prove effective in treating other viral diseases in waterfowl.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12020238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["pUC18-CpG Is an Effective Adjuvant for a Duck Tembusu Virus Inactivated Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-5856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xintao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lichun","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1318-370X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weidong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.043554-0","article-title":"Genomic and antigenic characterization of the newly emerging Chinese duck egg-drop syndrome flavivirus: Genomic comparison with Tembusu and Sitiawan viruses","volume":"93","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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