{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1779273236979,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["249697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["249697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013 \/ PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GHTM-UID\/Multi\/04413\/2013 \/ PTDC\/DTP-EPI\/7066\/2014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Migration is associated with HIV-1 vulnerability. Objectives: To identify long-term trends in HIV-1 molecular epidemiology and antiretroviral drug resistance (ARV) among migrants followed up in Portugal Methods: 5177 patients were included between 2001 and 2017. Rega, Scuel, Comet, and jPHMM algorithms were used for subtyping. Transmitted drug resistance (TDR) and Acquired drug resistance (ADR) were defined as the presence of surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) and as mutations of the IAS-USA 2015 algorithm, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed. Results: HIV-1 subtypes infecting migrants were consistent with the ones prevailing in their countries of origin. Over time, overall TDR significantly increased and specifically for Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) and Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs). TDR was higher in patients from Mozambique. Country of origin Mozambique and subtype B were independently associated with TDR. Overall, ADR significantly decreased over time and specifically for NRTIs and Protease Inhibitors (PIs). Age, subtype B, and viral load were independently associated with ADR. Conclusions: HIV-1 molecular epidemiology in migrants suggests high levels of connectivity with their country of origin. The increasing levels of TDR in migrants could indicate an increase also in their countries of origin, where more efficient surveillance should occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology of HIV-1 Infected Migrants Followed Up in Portugal: Trends between 2001\u20132017"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Victor","family":"Pimentel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7928-3087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Pingarilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6709-0504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Diogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular (LMCBM, SPC, CHLO-HEM), 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular (LMCBM, SPC, CHLO-HEM), 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7184-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mafalda","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1937-0506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea-Clemencia","family":"Pineda-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Instituto de Inmunolog\u00eda de Colombia, Basic Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogot\u00e1 111321, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3906-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieter","family":"Libin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Artificial Intelligence lab, Department of computer science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7941-0285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Ros\u00e1rio O.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-2766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Mieke","family":"Vandamme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"KU Leuven, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Camacho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven, Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3271-8255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perp\u00e9tua","family":"Gomes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular (LMCBM, SPC, CHLO-HEM), 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-5265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Abecasis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical\/Universidade Nova de Lisboa (IHMT\/UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32781-8","article-title":"Global patterns of mortality in international migrants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"392","author":"Aldridge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2019, September 03). 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