{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:56:29Z","timestamp":1790783789241,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Core Funds"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Core Funds"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The high mutation rate of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) plays a major role in treatment resistance, from the development of vaccines to therapeutic drugs. In addressing the crux of the issue, various attempts to estimate the mutation rate of HIV-1 resulted in a large range of 10\u22125\u201310\u22123 errors\/bp\/cycle due to the use of different types of investigation methods. In this review, we discuss the different assay methods, their findings on the mutation rates of HIV-1 and how the locations of mutations can be further analyzed for their allosteric effects to allow for new inhibitor designs. Given that HIV is one of the fastest mutating viruses, it serves as a good model for the comprehensive study of viral mutations that can give rise to a more horizontal understanding towards overall viral drug resistance as well as emerging viral diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Determination of HIV-1 RT Mutation Rate, Its Possible Allosteric Effects, and Its Implications on Drug Resistance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0253-0238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Yi","family":"Yeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antibody &amp; Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghin-Ray","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antibody &amp; Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chinh Tran-To","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antibody &amp; Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-5090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Ken-En","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antibody &amp; Product Development Lab, Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138671, Singapore"},{"name":"p53 Laboratory, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore"},{"name":"Experimental Drug Development Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138670, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(86)90860-3","article-title":"Genetic variability of the AIDS virus: Nucleotide sequence analysis of two isolates from African patients","volume":"46","author":"Alizon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3012778","article-title":"Genetic variation in HTLV-III\/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS","volume":"232","author":"Hahn","year":"1986","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/334440a0","article-title":"Extensive variation of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 in vivo","volume":"334","author":"Saag","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6221","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.64.12.6221-6233.1990","article-title":"Concurrent evolution of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients infected from the same source: Rate of sequence change and low frequency of inactivating mutations","volume":"64","author":"Balfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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