{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T10:27:37Z","timestamp":1770546457424,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]],"date-time":"2020-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583712000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFD0500201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFD0500201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shandong \u201cDouble Tops\u201d Program","award":["Shandong \u201cDouble Tops\u201d Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Shandong \u201cDouble Tops\u201d Program"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pigs are considered a \u201cmixing vessel\u201d that can produce new influenza strains through genetic reassortments, which pose a threat to public health and cause economic losses worldwide. The timely surveillance of the epidemiology of the swine influenza virus is of importance for prophylactic action. In this study, 15 H1N1, one H1N2, and four H3N2 strains were isolated from a total of 4080 nasal swabs which were collected from 20 pig farms in three provinces in China between 2016 and 2019. All the isolates were clustered into four genotypes. A new genotype represented by the H1N2 strain was found, whose fragments came from the triple reassortant H1N2 lineage, classical swine influenza virus (cs-H1N1) lineage, and 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus lineage. A\/Sw\/HB\/HG394\/2018(H1N1), which was clustered into the cs-H1N1 lineage, showed a close relationship with the 1918 pandemic virus. Mutations determining the host range specificity were found in the hemagglutinin of all isolates, which indicated that all the isolates had the potential for interspecies transmission. To examine pathogenicity, eight isolates were inoculated into 6-week-old female BALB\/c mice. The isolates replicated differently, producing different viral loadings in the mice; A\/Swine\/HB\/HG394\/2018(H1N1) replicated the most efficiently. This suggested that the cs-H1N1 reappeared, and more attention should be given to the new pandemic to pigs. These results indicated that new reassortments between the different strains occurred, which may increase potential risks to human health. Continuing surveillance is imperative to monitor swine influenza A virus evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T11:59:36Z","timestamp":1583841576000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Evolution and Pathogenicity of the H1 and H3 Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Mice between 2016 and 2019 in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yuzhong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fachao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shengliang","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guofei","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangyuan","family":"Cong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sidang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0857-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"},{"name":"Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai\u2019an 271018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-014-2116-1","article-title":"Immune and inflammatory response in pigs during acute influenza caused by H1N1 swine influenza virus","volume":"159","author":"Kwit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. 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