{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T14:05:11Z","timestamp":1781273111602,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The PRRS virus (PRRSV) can be divided into two species, PRRSV 1 (European) and PRRSV 2 (North American). In Taiwan, PRRSV 2 isolates are dominant and cause respiratory symptoms in nursing pigs. From October to November 2018, in a pig herd in central Taiwan, pregnant sows had abortions and stillbirths, and piglets suffered from respiratory disorders. Laboratory tests identified the presence of PRRSV 1 in serum from sows and suckling piglets in this scenario. The complete genome of the identified PRRSV 1 strain was genetically closely related to that of a European PRRSV vaccine strain (98.2%). This local European isolate is designated as PRRSV\/NPUST-2789-3W-2\/TW\/2018 (NPUST2789). This report is the first to indicate an outbreak in Taiwan of a PRRSV 1 strain that shares a common evolutionary ancestor with the European PRRSV vaccine strain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12030316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:13:27Z","timestamp":1584519207000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Outbreak of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 1 in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8112-2955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei-Hao","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kraijak","family":"Kaewprom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Program of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuen-Fu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60054, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8694-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yao","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Tang","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Nan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Disease Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1991.9694296","article-title":"Mystery swine disease in The Netherlands: The isolation of Lelystad virus","volume":"13","author":"Wensvoort","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400201","article-title":"Isolation of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome virus (isolate ATCC VR-2332) in North America and experimental reproduction of the disease in gnotobiotic pigs","volume":"4","author":"Collins","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"776","article-title":"Assessment of seropositivity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in swine herds in Ontario-1978 to 1982","volume":"36","author":"Carman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3358-5","article-title":"Changes to taxonomy and the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (2017)","volume":"162","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01322671","article-title":"Comparison of the structural protein coding sequences of the VR-2332 and Lelystad virus strains of the PRRS virus","volume":"140","author":"Murtaugh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.270-280.1999","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: Divergent evolution on two continents","volume":"73","author":"Nelsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879200400203","article-title":"Antigenic comparison of Lelystad virus and swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) virus","volume":"4","author":"Wensvoort","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman, J.J., Karriker, L.A., Ramirez, A., Schwartz, K.J., Stevenson, G.W., and Zhang, J. (2019). Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Viruses (Porcine Arteriviruses). Diseases of Swine, Wiley-Blackwell. [11th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch41"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.09.013","article-title":"Immunological solutions for treatment and prevention of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS)","volume":"29","author":"Murtaugh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-6-1263","article-title":"Reversion of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccine investigated by parallel mutations","volume":"82","author":"Nielsen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04338-2","article-title":"Coding-complete sequence of a vaccine-derived recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain isolated in Hungary","volume":"164","author":"Marton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2512.191111","article-title":"Recombination between Vaccine and Field Strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Kang, R., Yu, J., Xie, B., Chen, C., Li, X., Xie, J., Ye, Y., Xiao, L., and Zhang, J. (2018). Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Recombined Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 among Nadc30-Like, Jxa1-Like, and Mlv-Like Strains. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10100551"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eclercy, J., Renson, P., Lebret, A., Hirchaud, E., Normand, V., Andraud, M., Paboeuf, F., Blanchard, Y., Rose, N., and Bourry, O. (2019). A Field Recombinant Strain Derived from Two Type 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-1) Modified Live Vaccines Shows Increased Viremia and Transmission in SPF Pigs. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11030296"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Van Dooren, K. (Pig Progress, 2019). Denmark: New PRRS strain emerged, Pig Progress, Available online: https:\/\/www.pigprogress.net\/Piglets\/Articles\/2019\/11\/Denmark-New-PRRS-strain-emerged-in-July-499756E\/."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.027995-0","article-title":"Emergence of novel European genotype porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in mainland China","volume":"92","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Iseki, H., Takagi, M., Kawashima, K., Shibahara, T., Kuroda, Y., Tsunemitsu, H., and Yamakawa, M. (2012, January 10\u201313). Type 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerged in Japan. Proceedings of the 22nd International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Jeju, Korea."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.11.039","article-title":"A molecular analysis of European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus isolated in South Korea","volume":"143","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"272","article-title":"PRRS in Vietnam and its diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2004.03.005","article-title":"Genetics and geographical variation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in Thailand","volume":"101","author":"Thanawongnuwech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870401600417","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction-based genetic typing of Japanese porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"16","author":"Yoshii","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2010.07.016","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in China","volume":"154","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Kirwan, P. (2016). Comparison of viremia of type I and II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Taiwan. 24th International Pig Veterinary Society Congress, Pat Kirwan."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"101","article-title":"Terminology for classifying the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) status of swine herds","volume":"39","author":"Holtkamp","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tierarztl Prax Ausg G Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, C.N., Lin, W.H., Hung, L.N., Wang, S.Y., and Chiou, M.T. (2013). Comparison of viremia of type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in naturally infected pigs by zip nucleic acid probe-based real-time PCR. BMC Vet. Res., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-181"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13173","article-title":"Emergence of a virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Taiwan in 2018","volume":"66","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999","article-title":"Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination","volume":"73","author":"Lole","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050409","article-title":"Sequence analysis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus of the American type collected from Danish swine herds","volume":"143","author":"Madsen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2017.07.024","article-title":"Whole genome characterization of a novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 isolate: Genetic evidence for recombination between Amervac vaccine and circulating strains in mainland China","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."}],"container-title":["Viruses"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/3\/316\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:07:19Z","timestamp":1760173639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4915\/12\/3\/316"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["v12030316"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v12030316","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4915"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4915","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]}}}