{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:46:14Z","timestamp":1767339974548,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondef D11I1188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondef D11I1188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fondecyt Postdoctorado 319044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fondecyt Postdoctorado 319044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recombinant vaccines have low-cost manufacturing, regulatory requirements, and reduced side effects compared to attenuated or inactivated vaccines. In the porcine industry, post-weaning multisystemic disease syndrome generates economic losses, characterized by progressive weight loss and weakness in piglets, and it is caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). We designed a chimeric antigen (Qm1) to assemble the main exposed epitopes of the Cap-PCV2 protein on the capsid protein of the tobacco necrosis virus (TNV). This design was based on the Cap-N-terminal of an isolated PCV2 virus obtained in Chile. The virus was characterized, and the sequence was clustered within the PCV2 genotype b clade. This chimeric protein was expressed as inclusion bodies in both monomeric and multimeric forms, suggesting a high-molecular-weight aggregate formation. Pigs immunized with Qm1 elicited a strong and specific antibody response, which reduced the viral loads after the PCV2 challenge. In conclusion, the implemented design allowed for the generation of an effective vaccine candidate. Our proposal could be used to express the domains or fragments of antigenic proteins, whose structural complexity does not allow for low-cost production in Escherichia coli. Hence, other antigen domains could be integrated into the TNV backbone for suitable antigenicity and immunogenicity. This work represents new biotechnological strategies, with a reduction in the costs associated with vaccine development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]],"date-time":"2020-03-31T10:29:38Z","timestamp":1585650578000},"page":"385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Heterologous Viral Protein Scaffold for Chimeric Antigen Design: An Example PCV2 Virus Vaccine Candidate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2955-6534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Lamazares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-5243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Hidalgo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe I.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliberto","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Cortez-San Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Mascayano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias del Ambiente, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Potsdam, 14467 Potsdam, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Saavedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica y Biolog\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Alameda 3363, Correo 40, Casilla 33, Santiago 9170022, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6389-086X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio of Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valpara\u00edso, Ave. Brasil 2085, Valpara\u00edso 2362803, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Mansur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moderna Therapeutics 100 Upland Rd., Norwood, MA 02062, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3606-0860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1lvaro","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, Ave. Vicente M\u00e9ndez 595, Chillan 3812120, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jorge R.","family":"Toledo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatolog\u00eda; Facultad de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Universidad de Concepci\u00f3n, V\u00edctor Lamas 1290, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepci\u00f3n 4079386, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8623-8","article-title":"Guidelines to reach high-quality purified recombinant proteins","volume":"102","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2016.10.007","article-title":"Biopharmaceuticals from microorganisms: From production to purification","volume":"47","author":"Jozala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. 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