{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T22:58:26Z","timestamp":1770418706165,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586390400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/GCRF-IAA\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/GCRF-IAA\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zewail City of Science and Technology and the Science and Technology Development Fund","award":["25543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25543"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Developing novel antimicrobials capable of controlling multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens is essential to restrict the use of antibiotics. Bacteriophages (phages) constitute a major resource that can be harnessed as an alternative to traditional antimicrobial therapies. Phage ZCSE2 was isolated among several others from raw sewage but was distinguished by broad-spectrum activity against Salmonella serovars considered pathogenic to humans and animals. Lytic profiles of ZCSE2 against a panel of Salmonella were determined together with low temperature activity and pH stability. The morphological features of the phage and host infection processes were characterized using a combination of transmission electron and atomic force microscopies. Whole genome sequencing of ZCSE2 produced a complete DNA sequence of 53,965 bp. No known virulence genes were identified in the sequence data, making ZCSE2 a good candidate for phage-mediated biological control purposes. ZCSE2 was further tested against S. Enteritidis in liquid culture and was observed to reduce the target bacterium to below the limits of detection from initial concentrations of 107\u2013108 Colony Forming Units (CFU)\/mL. With a broad host-range against pathogenic Salmonella serovars, phage ZCSE2 constitutes a potential tool against a major cause of human and animal disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T14:42:03Z","timestamp":1586443323000},"page":"424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Bacteriophage ZCSE2 is a Potent Antimicrobial against Salmonella enterica Serovars: Ultrastructure, Genomics and Efficacy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Taha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-0762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hesham M.","family":"El-Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt"},{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillippa L.","family":"Connerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven P.T.","family":"Hooton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nabil D.","family":"Bassim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Department, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8652-8938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian F.","family":"Connerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7994-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Shibiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbiology and Phage Therapy, Biomedical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt"},{"name":"Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Arish 45615, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2018.1504717","article-title":"The global burden and epidemiology of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella infections","volume":"15","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. 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