{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T09:49:57Z","timestamp":1778752197469,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]],"date-time":"2020-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","award":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007033 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/I\/00007033 and BBS\/E\/I\/00007035"]}]},{"name":"the Australian Research Council","award":["DP190102048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DP190102048"]}]},{"name":"UK Medical Research Council","award":["MC_UU_12014\/8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_12014\/8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Viruses"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inland floodwater mosquito Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830) is a competent vector of numerous arthropod-borne viruses such as Rift Valley fever virus (Phenuiviridae) and Zika virus (Flaviviridae). Aedes vexans spp. have widespread Afrotropical distribution and are common European cosmopolitan mosquitoes. We examined the virome of Ae. vexans arabiensis samples from Bark\u00e9dji village, Senegal, with small RNA sequencing, bioinformatic analysis, and RT-PCR screening. We identified a novel 9494 nt iflavirus (Picornaviridae) designated here as Aedes vexans iflavirus (AvIFV). Annotation of the AvIFV genome reveals a 2782 amino acid polyprotein with iflavirus protein domain architecture and typical iflavirus 5\u2019 internal ribosomal entry site and 3\u2019 poly-A tail. Aedes vexans iflavirus is most closely related to a partial virus sequence from Venturia canescens (a parasitoid wasp) with 56.77% pairwise amino acid identity. Analysis of AvIFV-derived small RNAs suggests that AvIFV is targeted by the exogenous RNA interference pathway but not the PIWI-interacting RNA response, as ~60% of AvIFV reads corresponded to 21 nt Dicer-2 virus-derived small RNAs and the 24\u201329 nt AvIFV read population did not exhibit a \u201cping-pong\u201d signature. The RT-PCR screens of archival and current (circa 2011\u20132020) Ae. vexans arabiensis laboratory samples and wild-caught mosquitoes from Bark\u00e9dji suggest that AvIFV is ubiquitous in these mosquitoes. Further, we screened wild-caught European Ae. vexans samples from Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Sweden, all of which tested negative for AvIFV RNA. This report provides insight into the diversity of commensal Aedes viruses and the host RNAi response towards iflaviruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/v12040440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T04:01:46Z","timestamp":1586923306000},"page":"440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Identification and RNAi Profile of a Novel Iflavirus Infecting Senegalese Aedes vexans arabiensis Mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9238-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhys","family":"Parry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fanny","family":"Naccache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5007-0723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El Hadji","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole de Zoologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gamou","family":"Fall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole de Virologie, Unit\u00e9 des Arbovirus et Virus de Fi\u00e8vres H\u00e9morragiques, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Castelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1984-839X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renke","family":"L\u00fchken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universi\u00e4t Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jolyon","family":"Medlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infection, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"},{"name":"Medical Entomology &amp; Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science &amp; Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6814-5669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Entomology &amp; Zoonoses Ecology, Emergency Response Department Science &amp; Technology, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jenny C.","family":"Hesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology\/Zoonosis Science Center, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Montarsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro (Padua), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6890-0820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna-Bella","family":"Failloux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Kohl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Schnettler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Universi\u00e4t Hamburg, 20148 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Hamburg-L\u00fcbeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mawlouth","family":"Diallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pole de Zoologie M\u00e9dicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Dakar BP 220, Senegal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sassan","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefanie C.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Reinert, J.F. 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